Table 1.

Biological candidate genes studied (n = 173)

Candidate Genes (Grouped by Function or Pathways)
Xenobiotic metabolism (n = 8)
ABCB1, AHR, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, GSTM1, GSTP1, NAT1, NAT2
DNA repair (n = 19)
ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERCC6, OGG1, PGBD3, SOD1, SOD2, TP53, TP73, XPA, XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC4, XRCC5, MTHFR, MTR
Aging (n = 3)
KL, SIRT1, WRN
Angiogenesis (n = 13)
ANGPT2, ANGPTL4, CTGF, EPHB4, ERAP1, FIGF, KDR, SERPINE1, HIF1A, VHL, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC
Apoptosis (n = 5)
CASP8, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF21, TNFRSF25
Intracellular calcium signaling (n = 9)
CALM2, NFAT5, NFATC1, NFATC4, PLCE1, PPP3CA, PPP3CB, PPP3CC, PPP3R1
Cilia-associated genes (n = 14)
BBS10, BBS4, BBS7, GLI2, IQCB1, LGALS3, NEK1, NEK8, NPHP3, NPHP4, PDGFRA, PKD2, TRIM32, TTC8
Canonical Wnt signaling (n = 14)
APC, DKK2, DKK3, FRZB, GSK3B, INVS, MYC, RSPO1, RSPO3, SFRP4, WNT11, WNT2, WNT5B, WNT9A
PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling (n = 20)
AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, PTEN, PRKAB1, PRKAG1, FRAP1, IGF1, IGF1R, IRS1, IRS2, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PRKAA1, RHEB, RPS6KA1, STK11, TSC1, TSC2, ULK2
MAPK signaling (n = 19)
BRAF, DUSP1, DUSP8, EGF, EGFR, FGF18, FGFR1, FGFR3, FGFR4, IL1R1, MAP2K1, MAP3K3, MAP3K4, MAP3K6, MAPK1, PDGFB, PDGFRB, RAF1, TGFA
JAK-STAT signaling (n = 17)
IFNAR2, IL10RB, IL13, IL13RA1, IL13RA2, IL2RG, IL4, IL4R, IL6, SOCS3, SOCS5, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6
Renin-angiotensin system (n = 6)
REN, AGT, AGTR1, AGTR2, ACE, ACE2
Prostaglandin signaling (n = 5)
ALOX12, PLA2G2A, PTGER2, PTGS1, PTGS2
TGF-β signaling (n = 11)
BMP2, BMP7, DCN, GREM1, ID2, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, THBS1, THBS2
Miscellaneous genes (n = 10)
ADCY3, CFTR, CSK, CXCL12, IL17D, IL33, IL8RA, ILK, PPARD, SPARC

Some genes may be involved in multiple biological processes and pathways.