Minocycline suppresses the expression of chemokines in microglia. (A through D) The mRNA expression of MCP-1 (A), β1-integrin (B), Mip-1α (C), and CCR1 (D) was significantly increased in the MINO (−) group as compared with the noncorrected group and was significantly decreased by minocycline treatment. The amount of mRNA was determined using quantitative RT-PCR. The values are normalized to β-actin RNA. All of the vals are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 5). #P < 0.05 compared with the noncorrected group. *P < 0.05 compared with the MINO (−) group. (E through J) Double immunostaining for ED1 (E and H) and MCP-1 (F and I). (E through G) MINO (−) group. (H through J) MINO (0,12,24) group. Immunoreactivity of ED1 (H) and MCP-1 (I) was reduced in the MINO (0,12,24) group compared with those of the MINO (−) group (E and F, respectively). The scale bars show 20 μm.