Table I.

Priorities for mucosal immunity research for the Global HIV-1 Vaccine Enterprise

Define the sequence of events required to establish mucosal infection

Elucidate acute mucosal events that need to be prevented by HIV vaccines

Develop tools for measuring mucosal immune responses: assay development, standardization, and validation

Define the role of the common mucosal immune system in protection against HIV transmission

Characterize protective mucosal antibody responses

Define the role of T-cell responses in protection from HIV transmission

Learn how to harness dendritic cells, Toll-like receptors, and non–Toll-like receptors in HIV vaccine development

Understand the role of natural antiviral factors and innate immune cells in mediating the interface between innate and adaptive immunity to HIV

Understand the role of innate immunity in early HIV infection

Data from Shattock RJ, Haynes BF, Pulendran B, Flores J, Esparza J, on behalf of a Working Group convened by the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise. Improving defences at the portal of entry: Mucosal and innate immunity (Summary Report from a Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise Working Group). PLoS Med 2008;5:e81.⁴