Table 3.
Autosomal-recessive PD models and other causative genes of PD.
| Gene | Animal | Manipulation | DA neuron loss | LB-like inclusion1 | DA-responsive motor deficits2 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parkin (PARK2) | Nematode | Knockout | No | No | No | [124] |
| Fly | Knockout | Yes | No | Yes | [125, 126] | |
| Transgenic | Yes | No | Yes | [131, 132] | ||
| Mouse | Knockout | No | No | ND | [127–130] | |
| Transgenic | Yes | Yes | ND | [133] | ||
| PINK1 (PARK6) | Fly | Knockout | Yes | No | Yes | [135, 136] |
| Mouse | Knockout | No | No | ND | [137–139] | |
| DJ-1 (PARK7) | Fly | Knockout | Yes | No | Yes | [144–148] |
| Mouse | Knockout | No | No | ND | [149–151] | |
| HtrA2/Omi (PARK13) | Fly | Knockout | No | No | No | [153] |
| Mouse | Knockout | No | No | ND | [154, 155] | |
| Nurr1 (NR4A2) | Mouse | Knockout | Yes | No | ND | [158–160] |
DA, dopamine; LB, Lewy body; ND, not determined.
1LB-like inclusions by definition contain filamentous α-synuclein.
2ND could include some degree of behavioral impairment in spontaneous and locomotor activity and in response to sensory stimulation.