Table 1.

Characteristics of the 117 selected calves in terms of animal- and herd-level variables from Tanga (May 2003–January 2004).

Category	Levels	Frequency	Percentages
Herd-level factors (n = 44)
Production system	Smallholders	28	63.6
	Traditional	16	36.4
Flooring system	Concrete	14	31.8
	Kraal/stones	28	63.6
	Wooden	2	4.5
Level of cleanness	Very dirty	9	20.4
	Slightly dirty	21	47.7
	Clean	14	31.8
Source of water	Tap water	22	50
	Shallow wells	4	9.09
	River, pond, rain	18	40.9
Area level factors (n = 117)
Calf location	Urban	17	14.5
	Peri-urban	30	25.6
	Rural	70	59.9
Calf-factors (n = 117)
Breed	Cross-bred	50	42.7
	Indigenous TSHZ	67	57.3
Age	≤1 month	37	42.7
	≥1 to ≤2 months	48	41.02
	≤3 months	32	27.3
Health status	Ill signs/diarrheic	0	0
	healthy	117	100