Table 3.
Local pulmonary effects | Systemic effects | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammatory cells | Cytokines | Cell damage | Acute phase proteins | |||||
Cells | Macrophages | Neutrophils | IL-6 | TNF-α | ALP | Fibrinogen | CRP | |
50 nm single | - | - | ↑ | - | - | - | - | ↑* |
250 nm single | - | - | ↑* | ↑ | ↑ | - | ↑* | ↑* |
50 nm agg | - | - | ↑ | - | ↑ | ↑* | ↑* | ↑* |
250 nm agg | ↑ | ↑ | - | - | - | - | - | ↑* |
quartz | ↑↑* | - | ↑↑* | - | - | ↑↑* | - | ↑* |
* indicates a statistically significant effect (P < 0.05).