Table 2.
Global NHP score (95% Confidence Interval) by gender in different socio-demographic, drug use and health related variables.
| Women | Men | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 262 | N = 701 | N = 963 | |
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |
| All | 41.2 (38.3-44.1) | 34.1 (32.4-35.8) | 36.0 (34.5-37.5) |
| Age groups | * | ||
| 18-24 y | 35.9 (32.4-39.4) | 31.4 (28.3-34.5) | 32.9 (30.5-35.3) |
| 25-28 y | 45.1 (39.4-50.8) | 35.3 (32.6-38.0) | 37.5 (35.0-40.0) |
| 29-30 y | 45.4 (39.1-51.7) | 35.1 (31.8-38.4) | 37.8 (34.8-40.8) |
| Educational level | ** | ** | |
| Primary or < | 45.0 (40.0-50.0) | 38.4 (35.8-41.0) | 39.9 (37.6-42.2) |
| > = Secondary | 38.8 (35.4-42.2) | 29.9 (27.7-32.1) | 32.7 (30.8-34.6) |
| Living arrangements † | * | * | * |
| Flats | 40.6 (37.1-44.1) | 35.1 (33.0-37.2) | 36.6 (34.8-38.4) |
| Squats | 37.9 (32.2-43.6) | 27.0 (23.1-30.9) | 30.9 (27.6-34.2) |
| Homeless or institution | 52.0 (43.0-61.0) | 35.8 (31.6-40.0) | 38.9 (34.9-42.9) |
| Work † | * | * | ** |
| Yes | 33.6 (27.8-39.4) | 30.9 (28.1-33.7) | 31.5 (28.9-34.1) |
| Did not work | 43.7 (40.5-46.9) | 35.7 (33.5-37.9) | 38.1 (36.3-39.9) |
| Ever in prison | * | * | * |
| No | 38.9 (35.6-42.2) | 31.5 (29.2-33.8) | 34.1 (32.2-36.0) |
| Yes | 47.4 (41.7-53.1) | 36.8 (34.2-39.4) | 38.6 (36.2-41.0) |
| Ever confined to bed † | * | ** | |
| No | 39.8 (35.5-44.1) | 31.6 (29.5-33.7) | 33.4 (31.5-35.3) |
| Yes | 42.1 (38.2-46.0) | 37.9 (34.9-40.9) | 39.3 (36.9-41.7) |
| Inpatient in a hospital † | * | ||
| No | 40.1 (36.8-43.4) | 33.3 (31.3-35.3) | 35.1 (33.4-36.8) |
| Yes | 43.8 (37.8-49.8) | 37.0 (33.1-40.9) | 39.2 (35.9-42.5) |
| Infections | * | * | |
| Abª HIV - | 40.4 (37.2-43.6) | 33.0 (31.1-34.9) | 34.9 (33.2-36.6) |
| Ab HIV + | 43.4 (37.1-49.7) | 39.9 (35.6-44.2) | 41.1 (37.5-44.7) |
| Ab HCV - | 39.2 (35.4-43.0) | 32.7 (30.1-35.3) | 34.6 (32.4-36.8) |
| Ab HCV + | 42.9 (38.6-47.2) | 35.4 (33.0-37.8) | 37.4 (35.4-39.6) |
| * | |||
| Ab HBV core - | 40.9 (37.8-44.0) | 33.2 (31.3-35.1) | 35.3 (33.7-36.9) |
| Ab HBV core + | 41.9 (34.2-49.6) | 38.7 (34.3-43.1) | 39.5 (35.7-43.3) |
| Alcohol use severity‡ | * | ||
| No alcohol use | 35.9 (30.0-41.8) | 37.6 (32.9-42.3) | 37.0 (33.3-40.7) |
| Moderate | 40.5 (35.5-45.5) | 31.8 (29.3-34.3) | 33.7 (31.5-35.9) |
| At risk | 39.6 (32.5-46.7) | 35.9 (30.0-41.8) | 37.3 (32.7-41.9) |
| Heavy use | 47.5 (42.0-53.0) | 34.8 (31.6-38.0) | 37.8 (35.0-40.6) |
| N of years drug use | * | * | * |
| Cocaine | |||
| 0-4 y | 35.7 (30.3-41.1) | 30.0 (25.6-34.4) | 32.1 (28.7-35.5) |
| 5-10 y | 39.1 (35.1-43.1) | 32.7 (29.9-35.5) | 34.7 (32.4-37.0) |
| > 10 y | 48.2 (42.5-53.9) | 36.4 (33.8-39.0) | 38.8 (36.4-41.2) |
| Heroin | * | * | |
| 0-4 y | 36.8 (32.2-41.4) | 28.7 (25.3-32.1) | 31.7 (28.9-34.5) |
| 5-10 y | 40.9 (36.5-45.3) | 33.4 (30.6-36.2) | 35.5 (33.1-37.9) |
| > 10 y | 46.3 (40.3-52.3) | 37.2 (34.4-40.0) | 39.1 (36.5-41.7) |
| Poly-drug use† | * | ||
| No | 30.0 (17.4-42.6) | 29.2 (19.9-38.5) | 29.4 (21.9-36.9) |
| Yes | 41.8 (38.9-44.7) | 34.3 (32.5-36.1) | 36.3 (34.8-37.8) |
| Injection | |||
| Never | 39.7 (35.0-44.4) | 33.3 (30.3-36.3) | 35.2 (32.6-37.8) |
| Ever injecting | 42.1 (38.4-45.8) | 34.5 (32.4-36.6) | 36.4 (34.5-38.3) |
| Intravenous use last 12 m | 41.4 (37.4-45.4) | 34.9 (32.6-37.2) | 36.6 (34.6-38.6) |
| Drug use treatment | |||
| Never | 38.0 (32.85-43.15) | 31.5 (28.1-34.9) | 33.4 (30.6-36.2) |
| Before last year | 43.7 (37.42-49.98) | 34.4 (30.7-38.1) | 36.4 (33.2-39.6) |
| Methadone last year | 43.1 (38.38-47.82) | 35.8 (32.8-38.8) | 38.0 (35.4-40.6) |
| Other last year | 38.5 (30.08-46.92) | 34.2 (30.1-38.3) | 35.3 (31.5-39.1) |
| Psychiatric treatment † | * | * | |
| No | 40.6 (37.58-43.62) | 33.4 (31.6-35.2) | 35.3 (33.7-36.9) |
| Yes | 46.4 (36.68-56.12) | 42.9 (36.0-49.8) | 44.1 (38.5-49.7) |
| Opiate overdoses | * | * | |
| Never | 41.0 (37.58-44.42) | 32.7 (30.7-34.7) | 34.9 (33.1-36.7) |
| Ever | 41.7 (36.34-47.06) | 38.5 (35.1-41.9) | 39.4 (36.5-42.3) |
| Last 12 months | 43.2 (33.23-53.17) | 37.9 (31.3-44.5) | 39.4 (33.9-44.9) |
| SDSª score | ** | ** | ** |
| Cocaine | |||
| 0 - 1 | 32.2 (27.58-36.82) | 25.1 (22.3-27.9) | 26.9 (24.5-29.3) |
| 2 - 6 | 40.5 (35.6-45.4) | 33.7 (30.9-36.5) | 35.4 (33.0-37.8) |
| 7 - 15 | 47.5 (42.78-52.22) | 42.3 (39.2-45.4) | 43.9 (41.3-46.5) |
| Heroin | ** | ** | ** |
| 0 - 6 | 32.3 (27.5-37.1) | 23.9 (21.3-26.5) | 26.1 (23.8-28.4) |
| 7 - 9 | 36.6 (32.48-40.72) | 34.8 (31.8-37.8) | 35.3 (32.8-37.8) |
| 10 - 15 | 52.4 (47.48-57.32) | 42.1 (39.2-45.0) | 44.9 (42.4-47.4) |
ª CI: Confidence Interval; Ab: antibodies; SDS: Severity of Dependence scale
* p < 0.05; **p < 0.001
† refers to last 12 months
‡ different cut-points used for both genders: men: 40-60 g/day; women: 20-40 g/day