Table 2.
Prevalence of symptoms across cognitive groups.
|
MMSE 18-21 (N = 316) |
MMSE 22-25 (N = 659) |
MMSE 26-30 (N = 806) |
p-value |
All without dementia or severe cognitive impairment (N = 1781) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | 58 (17.6) | 67 (8.3) | 73 (7.4) | 0.001 | 198 (8.4) |
| Apathy | 78 (25.2) | 98 (13.5) | 88 (9.6) | 0.000 | 264 (11.8) |
| Anxiety | 22 (7.2) | 29 (4.0) | 56 (6.7) | 0.147 | 107 (6.0) |
| Persecution | 44 (12.7) | 76 (9.5) | 61 (6.8) | 0.012 | 181 (8.0) |
| Hallucinations | 24 (6.7) | 27 (3.0) | 29 (3.4) | 0.046 | 80 (3.5) |
| Agitation | 23 (7.5) | 28 (3.6) | 28 (2.9) | 0.013 | 79 (3.4) |
| Elation | 18 (4.7) | 20 (2.8) | 29 (3.1) | 0.252 | 67 (3.2) |
| Irritability | 61 (17.4) | 107 (14.6) | 93 (10.8) | 0.021 | 261 (12.3) |
| Sleep problems | 131 (40.3) | 302 (45.4) | 360 (42.4) | 0.366 | 793 (43.0) |
| Wandering | 3 (0.6) | 5 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 0.817 | 11 (0.3) |
| Confabulation | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 0.734 | 7 (0.2) |
| Misidentification | 18 (6.5) | 20 (2.9) | 19 (2.8) | 0.219 | 57 (3.1) |
|
No Cognitive Impairment (N = 670) |
All MCI (N = 389) |
OCIND (N = 676) |
p-value |
Dementia (Savva et al 2009[4]) |
|
| Depression | 48 (6.0) | 61 (14.5) | 79 (8.5) | 0.002 | 20.5 |
| Apathy | 67 (9.0) | 79 (17.8) | 110 (13.1) | 0.004 | 50.3 |
| Anxiety | 35 (5.4) | 33 (8.0) | 36 (5.9) | 0.427 | 8.9 |
| Persecution | 41 (5.5) | 61 (13.5) | 76 (9.3) | 0.001 | 25.4 |
| Hallucinations | 17 (2.3) | 25 (5.2) | 34 (4.3) | 0.148 | 15.1 |
| Agitation | 20 (2.6) | 20 (5.2) | 37 (3.9) | 0.228 | 9.0 |
| Elation | 21 (2.8) | 17 (5.0) | 27 (2.6) | 0.221 | 9.5 |
| Irritability | 73 (10.5) | 82 (17.4) | 100 (12.6) | 0.041 | 28.8 |
| Sleep problems | 297 (43.0) | 198 (49.0) | 276 (38.6) | 0.036 | 42.0 |
| Wandering | 2 (0.3) | 4 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 0.665 | 12.8 |
| Confabulation | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | 0.483 | 5.8 |
| Misidentification | 22 (3.5) | 12 (2.4) | 21 (2.4) | 0.524 | 20.3 |
|
Amnestic MCI (N = 75) |
Non-amnestic MCI (N = 185) |
Multiple MCI (N = 129) |
p-value |
||
| Depression | 7 (9.3) | 29 (14.8) | 25 (18.7) | 0.586 | |
| Apathy | 11 (10.8) | 34 (17.9) | 34 (23.8) | 0.202 | |
| Anxiety | 7 (12.2) | 12 (5.6) | 14 (9.2) | 0.374 | |
| Persecution | 10 (12.7) | 25 (12.3) | 26 (16.9) | 0.723 | |
| Hallucinations | 5 (7.6) | 10 (2.4) | 10 (8.8) | 0.042 | |
| Agitation | 1 (2.9) | 10 (5.5) | 9 (6.4) | 0.807 | |
| Elation | 5 (12.7) | 7 (3.0) | 5 (2.2) | 0.011 | |
| Irritability | 20 (24.7) | 35 (15.8) | 27 (14.0) | 0.240 | |
| Sleep problems | 31 (44.1) | 97 (48.5) | 70 (54.3) | 0.649 | |
| Wandering | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.8) | 0.682 | |
| Confabulation | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.603 | |
| Misidentification | 3 (3.6) | 6 (1.5) | 3 (3.4) | 0.496 | |
Prevalence of symptoms N(%) across MMSE groups (top) MCI classification (middle) and MCI subtypes (bottom). All percentages are back-weighted to the population. P-values correspond to a likelihood ratio test of differences across groups.