Table 1.
Modules/Tasks Selected for Each Simulator
| Lap Mentor | Skills for Completing the Tasks |
|---|---|
| Camera navigation - 0° | Navigate to target, fix on target, activate hand signal of completion |
| Camera navigation - 30° | Same as for 0° endoscope |
| Eye-hand coordination | Navigate instruments to targets, touch target to signal completion |
| Clip applying | Navigate instrument to target, apply clip(s) |
| Grasping and clipping | Select instruments, navigate to target, grasp tube, retract & clip |
| Two-handed maneuvers | Select instruments, navigate, retract, grasp, transfer, & place |
| Cutting - dissecting | Select instruments, navigate, grasp, retract, expose, excise |
| Hook electrodes | Navigate, identify & hook (band), expose, desiccate (foot pedal) |
| Translocation of objects | Navigate, elevate, rotate, orient, transfer, place |
| LapSim | |
| Camera navigation | Navigate camera to target, fix on target, hold |
| Eye-hand coordination | Navigate instruments to target, touch target |
| Grasping | Navigate, grasp, extract, transfer, insert, place |
| Grasping & cutting | Navigate, grasp, retract, incise, place |
| Lifting & grasping | Navigate, expose, grasp, transfer, place |
| Suturing | Navigate, grasp, penetrate target, rotate, grasp, tie square knot |
| LTS2000 ISM60 | |
| Peg manipulation | Navigate, grasp, transfer, place, release |
| Ring manipulation | Navigate, grasp, rotate, traverse, guide, stretch, place, release |
| Ductal cannulation | Navigate, grasp, push to cannulate, grasp, extract |
| Lasso loop formation & cinching | Navigate, grasp suture, loop instrument around, navigate to suture end, grasp and pull; repeat to make lasso, place onto peg, and pull |
| Intracorporeal suturing | Navigate, grasp, penetrate target, rotate, grasp, tie knot, test |
| Tissue “disc” dissection | Navigate, grasp, incise, rotate, elevate, release |
| ProMIS | |
| Object positioning: grasp & transfer | Navigate, grasp, transfer |
| Sharp dissection: cut out circle | Navigate, grasp, position, incise, rotate, excise repeatedly |
| Knot tying: surgeon's knot | Navigate, grasp suture, loop instrument around, navigate to suture end, grasp and pull; repeat twice |
| Surgical SIM | |
| Retract-dissect | Navigate, grasp, navigate, desiccate, repeat |
| Traverse tube | Navigate, grasp, navigate, grasp, and others things |
| Place arrow | Navigate, grasp, navigate, grasp, place, hold, repeat |
| Dissect gallbladder | Navigate, grasp, retract, navigate, desiccate, excise |