Table 2.

Mean TNF-α Level (pg/mL)

	Preoperative	Day 1	Day 2
Control	79.94	63.53	69.19
Laparoscopic	82.68	93.83*	105.12
NOTES†	53.99	50.59	63.29

^*P = 0.049.

^†NOTES = natural orifice translumenal surgery.