Table 1.
Cited empirical studies with demographic of sample and location from which sample was drawn
| Author (year) | Demographic of sample | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Bailenson et al. (2007) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Banse and Scherer (1996) | Actors and undergraduates | Germany |
| Becker et al. (2007) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Birnbaum (1984) | Parents, undergraduates, preschoolers | U.S. |
| Clark and Shields (1997) | High School: 14–19 yrs | U.S. |
| Clynes and Nettheim (1982) | University students and staff | Australia |
| Day and Carroll (2004) | Undergraduates | Canada |
| Eisenberg et al. (1989) | Children (2nd and 5th grade) and undergraduates | U.S. |
| Frank and Stennett (2001) | Wide age range across adulthood | Australia and U.S. |
| Gohm and Clore (2000) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Gross et al. (1994) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Gross and John (1998) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Halberstadt et al. (1988) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Henley (1973) | Broad age range | U.S. |
| Hertenstein and Campos (2001) | Infants | U.S. |
| Hertenstein et al. (2009) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Hertenstein et al. (2006a) | Undergraduates | U.S. & Spain |
| Hess et al. (2004) | Undergraduates | U.S. and Canada |
| Hess et al. (2000) | Undergraduates | Canada |
| Jones and Yarbrough (1985) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Kring and Gordon (1998) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Mayer et al. (2000) | Broad age range | U.S. |
| Plant et al. (2000) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Robinson and Johnson (1997) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Shiota et al. (2006) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Simon and Nath (2004) | Broad age range | U.S. |
| Smith, and MacLean (2007) | University students | Canada |
| Timmers et al. (2003) | Undergraduates | Netherlands |
| Tracy et al. (2009) | Undergraduates | U.S. |
| Weiss (1992) | Graduate students | U.S. |