Table 1.
Distributions of socio-demographic variables, psychosocial work characteristics, and psychological distress (GHQ case) in the Swedish male (n = 1,035) and female (n = 905) workers
| Variables | Category | Men (%) | Women (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45–54 | 61.0 | 62.8 |
| 55–64 | 39.0 | 37.2 | |
| Education (years) | Up to 12 | 70.6 | 68.4 |
| Over 12 | 29.4 | 31.6 | |
| Marital status | Married | 75.9 | 62.8 |
| Non-married | 24.1 | 37.2 | |
| Origin of country | Swedish | 92.8 | 93.4 |
| Non-Swedish | 7.2 | 6.6 | |
| Cross-sectional (at T 1) | Low job control | 30.5 | 46.6 |
| High job demands | 51.2 | 45.9 | |
| Low social support at work | 50.4 | 44.9 | |
| Cross-sectional (at T 2) | Low job control | 33.8* | 55.2** |
| High job demands | 55.2* | 48.8 | |
| Low social support at work | 49.8 | 49.6** | |
| Cross-time (both at T 1 and T 2) | Consistent C, D, and S across times | 46.8 | 44.8 |
| Changed C, D, or S across times | 53.2 | 55.2 | |
| Family-to-work conflict (at T 2) | 10.7 | 18.5 | |
| Stress from outside-work problems (at T 2) | 20.5 | 31.6 | |
| Worry due to family members (at T 2) | 7.5 | 21.0 | |
| Number of days on sick leave (at T 2) | ≤3 days | 87.1 | 79.2 |
| ≥4 days | 12.9 | 20.8 | |
| GHQ case (at T 2) | 11.2 | 19.4 |
C job control, D job demands, S social support at work. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 when compared by repeated measures t-tests with values at T 1