Table 2.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Assessed Groups; ADHD-prison group, ADHD-psychiatry group, Healthy controls. Not applicable = N/A.
| ADHD-prison, n = 30 | ADHD-psychiatry, n = 20 |
Controls, n = 18 |
F or χ2 |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean, (SD), y | 34.4 (10.67) | 33.4 (8.65) | 35.2 (9.85) | .14 | .87e |
| Educational level, nine-year compulsory school or less, n (%) | 25 (83) | 6 (30) | 1 (6) | 39.28 | < .001e |
| ADHD, combined, n (%) | 28 (93) | 18 (90) | N/A | ||
| ADHD, inattentive, n (%) | 2 (7) | 2 (10) | N/A | ||
| ≥ 1 current co-morbid disorder, n (%)a | 15 (50) | 12 (60) | N/A | .569 | |
| Autism spectrum disorderb | 7 (23) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Mood and anxiety disorder, lifetimea | 22 (73) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Personality disorders, (N = 23)c | |||||
| Antisocial, n (%) | 22 (96) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Borderline, n (%) | 17 (74) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Paranoid, n (%) | 17 (74) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Narcissistic, n (%) | 15 (65) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive, n (%) | 12 (52) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Passive-Aggressive, n (%) | 11 (48) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Avoidant, n (%) | 11 (48) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Depressive, n (%) | 8 (35) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Dependent, n (%) | 7 (30) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Schizotypal, n (%) | 5 (22) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Schizoid, n (%) | 2 (9) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Histrionic, n (%) | 0 (0) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Substance use disorder, n (%)a | 30 (100) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Amphetamine preferred, n (%) | 19 (63) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Cocaine preferred, n (%) | 4 (13) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Alcohol preferred, n (%) | 4 (13) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Psychopathy, n (%)d | 3 (10) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Concomitant psychotropic's, n (%) | 13 (43) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Onset of alcohol, mean (SD), y | 11.9 (1.81) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Onset of illegal drugs, mean (SD), y | 14.0 (2.41) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Onset of criminality, mean (SD), y | 11.2 (3.40) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Educational assistance at school, n (%) | 24 (80) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Child psychiatry/school health, n (%) | 18 (60) | N/A | N/A | ||
| ADHD diagnosed in childhood, n (%) | 2 (7) | N/A | N/A | ||
aAccording to DSM-IV by the SCID I interview, bAccording to DSM IV, Autism spectrum disorder includes both Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS, cFrequencies of personality disorders were estimated by increasing the cut-off level for each personality disorder by one score, on the SCID II PQ to equal the cut-off score of the SCID II interview, dPsychopathy was defined as a total sum score of ≥30 by the PCL-R, eAnalyses of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.