Table 1.

Contraindications to laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Cardiovascular or pulmonary instability or failure

Severe or unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cardiac disease

Coagulopathy not correctable preoperatively

Extreme obesity

Pregnancy

Tumor extensively involving contiguous structures

Diffuse peritoneal contamination with perforated viscus

Acute inflammatory bowel disease (fever, distension, other signs of toxicity) associated with the malignancy

Eneroenteric or enterocutaneous fistula

Multiple previous abdominal surgeries

Obstruction of the intestine with abdominal distension