Table 2.
Common factors associated with failed biliary stone removal during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
| Patient factors |
| Abnormal anatomy |
| Prior surgery |
| Extremely J-shaped stomach |
| Large hernias |
| Malrotations |
| Unstable or difficult endoscope position |
| Short duodenal bulb |
| Abnormal anatomy |
| Long duodenoscope position |
| Bile duct abnormalities |
| Presence of ductal strictures |
| Severely dilated ducts |
| Stone factors |
| Size |
| Large size |
| Location |
| Intrahepatic |
| Cystic duct |
| Proximal to strictures |
| Impacted stones |