Table 1.

Jaspers’ distinction between unmediated or direct and mediated or reflective phenomena

Unmediated, direct experience	Thought-mediated experience
Delusional idea proper	Ordinary mistake
Concrete awareness (the sense of presence)	The ‘as-if’ experience
True hallucination	A fantastic image projecting itself illusively in space
A melancholic state	Neurotic depression as a result of an unpleasant event
The experience of one’s own double	The feeling as if there are “two psyches in my breast”
An instinctual drive	A simple wish
The urge to move	Understandable motor discharge of feelings