Table 1.

Observed Means, Standard Deviations, and Gender Differences for the Preschool, Kindergarten, First Grade, Third Grade, and Fifth Grade Variables

Variable	Totala			Boysb	Girlsc	Gender differences
	Mean (SD)	Skewness	Kurtosis	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	t
Preschool
Socioeconomic Status	.14 (.99)	.99 (.16)	2.96 (.31)	.06 (.91)	.22 (1.05)	−1.21
Hostile–Aggressive Child Behavior	5.81 (3.51)	.41 (.16)	−.11 (.31)	5.86 (3.74)	5.76 (3.30)	.23
Harsh–Restrictive Child Rearing	2.94 (.65)	.05 (.16)	.12 (.31)	2.98 (.66)	2.91 (.65)	.90
Warm–Supportive Child Rearing	6.32 (.45)	−.71 (.16)	.38 (.31)	6.31 (.44)	6.33 (.46)	−.24
Maternal Responsiveness, Positive	4.19 (.75)	−.97 (.16)	.85 (.31)	4.15 (.72)	4.22 (.77)	−.71
Maternal Responsiveness, Negative	1.88 (.73)	1.17 (.16)	1.52 (.31)	1.86 (.68)	1.91 (.78)	−.51
PCR Closeness	4.38 (.61)	−1.45 (.16)	2.46 (.31)	4.30 (.63)	4.45 (.57)	−1.90
PCR Conflict	1.55 (.68)	1.63 (.16)	2.75 (.31)	1.56 (.67)	1.53 (.70)	.36
Kindergarten
TCR Closeness	4.37 (.68)	−1.82 (.16)	4.00 (.31)	4.31 (.74)	4.42 (.61)	−1.27
TCR Conflict	1.45 (.74)	2.08 (.16)	3.74 (.31)	1.57 (.87)	1.33 (.58)	2.49*
Peer Acceptance/Rejection	3.59 (.45)	−1.37 (.16)	1.72 (.31)	3.60 (.45)	3.58 (.46)	.32
Classroom Externalizing Behavior	.18 (.27)d	2.01 (.16)	4.02 (.31)	.23 (.32)	.14 (.21)	2.65**
First Grade
Classroom Externalizing Behavior	.17 (.23)e	2.23 (.16)	6.48 (.32)	.21 (.27)	.13 (.19)	2.61**
Third Grade
Classroom Externalizing Behavior	.19 (.27)f	1.89(.16)	3.41 (.32)	.25 (.32)	.13 (.20)	3.29**
Fifth Grade
Classroom Externalizing Behavior	.15 (.25)g	2.13 (.16)	4.50 (.34)	.19 (.26)	.11 (.20)	2.42*

Note. PCR = Provider–child relationship. TCR = Teacher–child relationship

^aN = 241.

^bN = 117.

^cN = 124.

^dN = 236 (123 girls).

^eN = 227 (118 girls).

^fN = 223 (112 girls).

^gN = 209 (103 girls).

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.