Table 2.
Socioeconomic status, race-ethnicity, and COPD severity
| SES Indicator | COPD Severity Score | BODE Score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| RACE | ||||||
| White | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Black | 1.5 (0.5,2.4) | 1.0 (0.04,1.9) | 0.7 (−0.2,1.6) | 0.4 (0.03,0.8) | 0.1 (−0.2,0.5) | 0.07 (−0.3,0.4) |
| Asian | −1.5 (−3.5,0.6) | −0.5 (−2.5,1.5) | −0.5 (−2.5,1.5) | −0.2 (−1.1,0.6) | 0.3 (−0.5,1.1) | 0.5 (−0.3,1.2) |
| Hispanic | −0.5 (−1.7,0.7) | −0.9 (−2.1,0.2) | −1.1 (−2.2,0.1) | −0.1 (−0.6,0.4) | −0.3 (−0.8,0.1) | −0.3 (−0.8,0.1) |
| Other | 0.4 (−1.6,2.3) | −0.2 (−2.1,1.6) | −0.4 −2.3,1.4) | 0.4 (−0.3,1.2) | 0.08 (−0.6,0.8) | 0.06 (−0.7,0.8) |
| EDUCATION | ||||||
| Less than HS | N/A | 2.0 (1.0,2.9) | 1.8 (0.9,2.7) | N/A | 1.1 (0.7,1.4) | 1.0 (0.6,1.3) |
| Some college | N/A | 1.4 (0.6,2.3) | 1.3 (0.4,2.0) | N/A | 0.7 (0.4,1.0) | 0.6 (0.3,1.0) |
| College degree+ | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
| INCOME | ||||||
| Low | N/A | 3.6 (2.3,4.9) | 3.4 (2.1,4.7) | N/A | 1.9 (1.4,2.4) | 1.7 (1.2,2.2) |
| Medium | N/A | 1.4 (0.5,2.3) | 1.4 (0.5,2.2) | N/A | 0.8 (0.4,1.1) | 0.7 (0.4,1.0) |
| High | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
Educational attainment categories are less than high school, some college, college degree or graduate school; income categories are low (<$20,000), medium ($20,000–$80,000), high (>$80,000), and missing.
-Higher COPD severity scores and BODE scores = poorer status
-Multivariable linear regression analysis–all results are mean difference compared to referent group (95% confidence intervals); results with p<0.05 are shown in bold font.
Model 1 = impact of race, adjusting for age and sex
Model 2 = impact of race, educational attainment, and household income, adjusting for age and sex
Model 3= race, educational attainment, and household income, adjusting for age and sex; also including additional covariates (smoking history, occupational exposures on longest held job, body mass index, and co-morbidities–see Methods)