Table 3.
Socioeconomic status, race-ethnicity, and pulmonary function impairment in COPD
| SES Indicator | Forced expiratory volume in 1 second % (percent of predicted value) | Forced expiratory volume in 1 second / forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) × 100 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| RACE | ||||||
| White | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Black | 3.5 (−0.03,7.0) | 5.0 (1.5,8.5) | 4.3 (0.8,7.7) | 1.8 (−0.5,4.0) | 2.2 (−0.07,4.5) | 1.2 (−1.0,3.3) |
| Asian | −3.1 (−10.8,4.6) | −5.8 (−14,1.9) | −6.6 (−14.3,1.2) | 3.2 (−1.7,8.2) | 2.1 (−2.9,7.1) | 2.8 (−1.9,7.6) |
| Hispanic | 1.6 (−2.9,6.1) | 3.3 (−1.2,7.8) | 2.5 (−2.0,7.0) | 2.0 (−0.9,4.8) | 2.7 (−0.2,5.7) | 1.8 (−1.0,4.5) |
| Other | 4.3 (−2.9,11.6) | 6.1 (−1.1,13.2) | 4.6 (−2.5,11.7) | 4.3 (−0.3,9.0) | 5.0 (0.4,9.6) | 3.2 (−1.1,7.6) |
| EDUCATION | ||||||
| Less than HS | N/A | −6.2 (−9.8,−2.7) | −5.6 (−9.2,−2.0) | N/A | −3.7 (−6.0,−1.4) | −3.4 (−5.6,−1.2) |
| Some college | N/A | −3.8 (−7.1,−0.6) | −3.7 (−6.9,−0.4) | N/A | −1.4 (−3.4,0.7) | −1.6 (−3.6,0.4) |
| College degree+ | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
| INCOME | ||||||
| Low | N/A | −11.3 (−16.2,−6.4) | −12.4 (−17.3,−7.4) | N/A | −3.8 (−0.6,7.0) | −5.9 (−9.0,−2.9) |
| Medium | N/A | −4.7 (−8.0,−1.4) | −4.9 (−8.2,−1.7) | N/A | −0.8 (−3.0,1.3) | −1.5 (−3.5,0.5) |
| High | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
Educational attainment categories are less than high school, some college, college degree or graduate school; income categories are low (<$20,000), medium ($20,000–$80,000), high (>$80,000), and missing.
-Respiratory impairment was measured by spirometry (FEV1% is the percent predicted value).
-Multivariable linear regression analysis–all results are mean difference compared to referent group (95% confidence intervals); results with p<0.05 are shown in bold font.
Model 1 = impact of race, adjusting for age, sex, and height
Model 2 = impact of race, educational attainment, and household income, adjusting for age, sex, and height
Model 3= race, educational attainment, and household income, adjusting for age, sex, and height; also including additional covariates (smoking history, occupational exposures on longest held job, body mass index, and co-morbidities)