Figure 2.

Landmarks that the tester digitized included 2 points on the ruler to compute the scale factor (not pictured), rearfoot and forefoot contact points (defined by digitizing the supporting surface under the regions of the rearfoot and forefoot) with the supporting surface, heel tip, navicular tubercle, first metatarsophalangeal joint, toe tip, dorsum metatarsophalangeal joint, dorsum at 50% foot length, and medial malleolus. To facilitate identification of the dorsal landmarks, the software program plotted reference lines at the appropriate locations (50% of total foot length, metatarsophalangeal joint) that were perpendicular to the local horizontal reference axis (the line connecting the rearfoot and forefoot contact points). The anthropometric variables quantified with the digital photographic measurement method were total foot length (toe tip to heel tip), truncated foot length (metatarsophalangeal joint to heel tip), navicular height (navicular tubercle to local horizontal reference axis), dorsum height (dorsum 50% foot length to local horizontal reference axis), and midpoint of the metatarsophalangeal joint (midpoint between local horizontal reference axis and metatarsophalangeal dorsum points). Computed foot posture variables were arch index (dorsum height/truncated foot length), navicular index (navicular height/truncated foot length), and longitudinal arch index (the angle measured counterclockwise between a line connecting the midpoint of the metatarsophalangeal joint and navicular tubercle and a line connecting the medial malleolus and navicular tubercle).