Table 4.
Changes in insulin and related parameters over 6 months
| Parameter | Baseline | 1 Month | 3 Month | 6 Month | P value4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin (μU/ml)2 | IER | 7.3 (6.3 to 8.4) | 6.4 (5.7 to 7.3) | 5.6 (4.7 to 6.5) | 5.23 (4.5 to 6.0) | 0.04 |
| CER | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.6) | 6.5 (5.7 to 7.5) | 6.3 (5.4 to 7.3) | 6.33 (5.4 to 7.4) | ||
| HOMA (μU/mmol/L)2 | IER | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.4) | 1.13 (0.9 to 1.3) | 0.04 |
| CER | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.8) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.6) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) | 1.33 (1.1 to 1.6) | ||
| Glucose (mmol/L)1 | IER | 4.8 (4.7 to 4.9) | 4.8 (4.7 to 4.9) | 4.7 (4.6 to 4.8) | 4.73 (4.6 to 4.8) | 0.34 |
| CER | 4.8 (4.6 to 4.9) | 4.7 (4.6 to 4.8) | 4.7 (4.6 to 4.8) | 4.7 (4.6 to 4.9) | ||
| Adiponectin2 (μg/ml) | IER | 10.6 (9.5 to 11.8) | 9.9 (8.8 to 11.0) | 10.5 (9.3 to 11.9) | 11.73 (10.3 to 13.4) | 0.08 |
| CER | 10.8 (9.7 to 12.1) | 9.4 (8.3 to 10.6) | 10.4 (9.1 to 11.9) | 10.9 (9.7 to 12.3) | ||
| Ghrelin (pg/ml)2 | IER | 136.0 (116.7 to 158.5) | 159.4 (136.9 to 185.5) | 167.8 (139.1 to 202.4) | 153.3 (123.5 to 190.3) | 0.92 |
| CER | 132.5 (110.6 to 158.8 | 155.1 (130.8 to 184.0) | 159.0 (131.4 to 192.3) | 147.5 (120.7 to 180.3) | ||
| BDNF (pg/ml)1 | IER | 9539 (8960 to 10118) | 9435 (8890 to 9980) | 9438 (8897 to 9978) | 9214 (8722 to 9706) | 0.87 |
| CER | 9898 (9394 to 10402) | 9606 (9144 to 10069) | 9615 (9130 to 10101) | 95283 (9093 to 9963) | ||
| CRP (mg/L)2 | IER | 4.5 (3.8 to 5.4) | 3.9 (3.3 to 4.6) | 3.7 (3.0 to 4.4) | 4.03 (3.3 to 4.8) | 0.15 |
| CER | 3.7 (3.2 to 4.3) | 3.1 (2.7 to 3.5) | 3.0 (2.6 to 3.4) | 2.93 (2.5 to 3.4) | ||
| Sialic acid (mg/L)1 | IER | 72.6 (70.3 to 75.0) | 70.5 (67.9 to 73.1) | 71.2 (68.7 to 73.7) | 71.1 (68.3 to 73.9) | 0.73 |
| CER | 71.0 (68.6 to 73.3) | 68.4 (65.9 to 70.9) | 69.9 (67.6 to 72.2) | 69.4 (66.8 to 71.9) | ||
| AOPP fast acting (μM)2 | IER | 41.5 (34.8 to 49.5) | 34.4 (29.7 to 39.9) | 33.3 (28.2 to 39.3) | 34.93 (30.1 to 40.4) | 0.76 |
| CER | 43.2 (36.7 to 51.0) | 41.9 (35.4 to 49.7) | 37.9 (32.9 to 43.7) | 36.93 (31.5 to 43.2) | ||
| AOPP aggregates, slow acting (μM)2 | IER | 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.1) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.9) | 0.12 |
| CER | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9) | 1.7 (1.5 to 1.9) | ||
| Ketones (μM)2 | IER | 40.8 (31.5 to 52.7) | 77.1 (58.0 to 102.5) | 73.0 (52.9 to 100.6) | 67.63 (49.7 to 91.9) | 0.12 |
| CER | 48.0 (37.8 to 61.0) | 71.1 (52.5 to 96.2) | 63.3 (49.2 to 81.5) | 49.6 (38.2 to 64.3) |
Mean (95% CI) for baseline and LOCF values at 1, 3 and 6 months.
Geometric Mean (95% CI) for baseline values and LOCF values at 1, 3 and 6 months
Change from baseline to LOCF at 6 months within group is statistically significant p<0.05.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for LOCF at 6 months between groups adjusted for baseline levels of each parameter, change in physical activity over 6 months and day of menstrual cycle.
IER = intermittent energy restriction, CER = continuous energy restriction Dietary intake data: Baseline 40 IER and 42 CER, 1 month 37 IER and 35 CER, 3 months 32 IER and 33 CER, 6 months 27 IER and 31 CER
Physical activity data: Baseline 50 IER and 52 CER, 1 month 49 IER and 47 CER, 3 months 42 IER and 46 CER, 6 months 38 IER and 43 CER