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. 2010 Dec 1;4(1):4–16. doi: 10.1007/s12410-010-9060-6

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© The Author(s) 2010

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Fig. 1 — Oxidation-specific epitopes are a class of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by natural antibodies and other innate immune receptors. Physiological and pathological stress can lead to the generation of oxidation-specific epitopes (altered self) on membranes of lipoproteins as well as cells (self), which are subsequently recognized by natural antibodies, scavenger receptors, and other innate effector proteins via these motifs. In many, if not all, cases, molecular mimicry exists between oxidation-specific epitopes of self-antigens and epitopes of infectious pathogens. 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; AGE, advanced glycation end product; CRP, C-reactive protein; Lp(a), lipoprotein [a]; MDA, malondialdehyde; OxCL, oxidized cardiolipin; OxLDL, oxidized LDL; PC, phosphorylcholine; SAA, serum amyloid A. (Reprinted with permission from Hartvigsen et al. [6••])