Table 2.
Comparison of data for LAIV-induced cytokine increases in NLF among controls, SHS-exposed subjects, and active smokers [median (interquartile range)].
| Parametera | Controls (n = 23) | SHS (n = 20) | Smokers (n = 17) |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | |||
| Baseline | 4.5 (1.3–16.1) | 5.5 (1.8–13.7) | 6.9 (3.8–14.4) |
| Ratiomax | 7.5 (4.7–20.2) | 5.4 (1.8–11.2) | 2.8* (1.2–8.0) |
| RatioAUC | 37.8 (23.1–70.5) | 19.3* (8.0–24.4) | 10.0# (5.4–23.2) |
| IP-10 | |||
| Baseline | 2,592 (844–6,263) | 3,527 (1,455–6,269) | 2,332 (1,893–3,822) |
| Ratiomax | 9.1 (3.1–22.3) | 4.6 (3.3–6.1) | 4.2 (2.3–9.8) |
| RatioAUC | 31.2 (12.1–74.5) | 21.5 (15.1–42.2) | 19.2 (10.2–35.1) |
| IFNγb | |||
| Baseline | 5.0 (1.6–84.5) | 2.3 (1.1–64.0) | 53.4 (2.3–161.4) |
| Ratiomax | 20.8 (3.4–48.2) | 6.5 (1.1–21.8) | 3.0* (1.0–10.5) |
| RatioAUC | 64.5 (9.8–154.5) | 32.9 (11.5–93.7) | 14.1 (2.7–33.4) |
a
Baseline indicates cytokine levels (pg/mL NLF) on day 0 (before LAIV administration). Ratiomax and RatioAUC are the ratio to baseline (day 0) maximum value and AUC during days 1–9 after LAIV inoculation.
b
For IFNγ measurements, n = 14 controls, n = 14 SHS, and n = 12 smokers.
*
p < 0.05, and
#
p < 0.001, vs. control, Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s posttest.