Ca2+ chelation within nuclei or extra-nuclear cytoplasm inhibits LX-2 cell proliferation. (A) Proliferation in the presence of serum. LX-2 cells were either untransfected or transfected with DsRed, PV-NLS-DsRed, or PV-NES DsRed, and proliferation was determined by BrdU uptake. Relative to control, proliferation of cells transfected with either PV-NLS-DsRed or PV-NES-DsRed was diminished (*p < 10−5; n = 10 for each condition). (B) Proliferation in the absence of serum. LX-2 cells were transfected identically to those in (A); however, cells were grown in serum-free media. As seen, no change in proliferation was noted.