Table 3.
Summary of studies fulfilling criteria for Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS Type 2).
| Study | Population (n) | Study type (data source) | Cardiac disease | CKD | Cardiac-specific outcomes | Outcomes (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heywood et al., 2007 [39] |
N = 118,465 Mean Age 61.7–76.3 yrs Male 42%–57% |
ADHERE registry | ADHF | eGFR 60–89: 27.4%; eGFR 30–59: 43.5%; eGFR 15–29: 13.1%; eGFR < 15: 7% | Use of cardioprotective meds (ACE-I and ARB) decreased with increasing degree of CKD | OR for in-hospital mortality: eGFR ≥ 90: 1.0; eGFR 60–89: 2.3; eGFR 30–59: 3.9; eGFR 15–29: 7.6; eGFR < 15: 6.5 |
| Elsayed et al., 2007 [40] |
N = 13826 Mean Age 58 yrs Male 56% |
Prospective (ARIC and CHS) | Baseline CVD in 12.9% | eGFR decrease of at least 15 ml/min/1.73 m2 to a final level < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was seen in 34% of patients with baseline CVD | NA | OR for development of kidney disease 1.54 (CVD versus non-CVD) |
| Ahmed et al., 2007 [41] |
N total = 7788 Mean Age 59.9–65.4 yrs Male 76%–81% |
Retrospective (DIG trial); Propensity-matched study | Ambulatory patients with CHF | eGFR < 60 in 45% | A graded association was found between CKD-related deaths and LVEF | Matched HR: (CKD versus non-CKD) All-cause death 1.71 |
| Campbell et al., 2009 [42] |
N total = 7788 Mean Age 59.9–65.4 yrs Male 76%–81% |
Retrospective (DIG trial); Propensity-matched study | Ambulatory patients with CHF | eGFR < 60 in 45% | Matched HR: (CKD versus non-CKD) CV hospitalization 1.17 HF hospitalization 1.08 CV death 1.24 HF death 1.42 | Matched HR: (CKD versus non-CKD) All-cause hospitalization 1.18 |
| Dimopoulos et al., 2008 [43] |
N = 1102 Mean Age 36 yrs Male 48.5% |
Retrospective (single center) | Adult congenital heart disease | eGFR 60%–89 41% eGFR < 60 9% | NA | All-cause death (HR) eGFR ≥ 90 1.0; eGFR < 60 3.25 |
| Hillege et al., 2003 [44] |
N = 298 Mean Age 51–67 yrs Male 70% DM 16%–27% HTN 6%–14% |
Retrospective (CATS trial) | 1st anterior wall MI | Change in GFRc Placebo: −5.5 ml/min/yr Captopril: −0.5 ml/min/yr | New CHF (RR) GFRc > 103: 1.0 GFRc 81–103: 1.23 GFRc < 81: 1.55 | All-Cause death: 1-yr 8% |
ARIC: atherosclerosis risk in communities study; ADHF: acute decompensated heart failure: GFRc: GFR estimated by Cockroft Gault; CATS: captopril and thrombolysis study; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CVS: cardiovascular health study; DIG: digoxin investigator group.