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Conceptual models. Mother Unsup, mothers’ unsupportive reactions; EC, effortful control; INT, internalizing problems; EXT, externalizing problems. (—) Model 1 refers to the continuity model. (- - -) Model 2 includes all paths from Model 1 and adds the key cascade paths from parenting to EC and EC to problem behavior. (– • •) Model 3 includes all paths from Model 2 and adds transactional paths from problem behaviors to EC and parenting and from EC to parenting.
