Table 4.
PM emission factors (g kg−1 RS) and composition (mg g−1 PM)
| Field, PM2.5 | Field, PM10 | Hood pile, SPM | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EF PM, g kg−1 RS burned | 8.3±2.7 (n=4) | 9.4±3.5 (n=4) | 20.1±7.7 (n=3) | |
| PM composition, mg g−1 PM (part per thousand) | ||||
| (n=9) | (n=9) | (n=3) | ||
| EC/OC | EC | 57.7±27.9 | 56.9±25.3 | |
| OC | 335.4±88.0 | 328.6±84.7 | ||
| TC | 393.0±64.0 | 385.5±63.3 | ||
| Ions | Na+ | 2.56±2.77 | 3.53±3.48 | 0.12±0.24 |
| K+ | 50.0±34.0 | 47.3±33.6 | 7.2±10.5 | |
| NH4+ | 23.8±11.7 | 22.8±9.2 | 0.54±0.88 | |
| Mg2+ | 0.11±0.22 | 0.18±0.28 | nd | |
| Ca2+ | 0.15±0.41 | 1.08±1.06 | 0.75±0.90 | |
| F− | 2.45±3.28 | 2.48±3.17 | 0.81±1.36 | |
| Cl− | 69.3±31.6 | 68.6±30.7 | 14.6±17.8 | |
| NO3− | 2.93±3.72 | 2.91±3.20 | 0.56±0.88 | |
| SO42− | 9.82±7.21 | 15.53±13.06 | 3.5±4.1 | |
| Total | 161.2±24.5 | 164.4±24.3 | 28.1±4.9 | |
| Elementa | Fe | 0.038±0.108 | 0.105±0.306 | 0.040±0.025 |
| Ni | 0.036±0.068 | 0.047±0.070 | ||
| Pb | 0.045±0.094 | 0.115±0.197 | 0.049±0.015 | |
| Sr | 0.013±0.029 | 0.016±0.028 | ||
| Ti | 0.015±0.046 | 0.016±0.043 | 0.005±0.002 | |
| V | 0.091±0.130 | 0.140±0.191 | 0.004±0.002 | |
| Zn | 0.036±0.099 | 0.066±0.155 | 0.26±0.15 | |
| Si | 0.14±0.34 | 0.185±0.364 | 5.89±2.88 | |
| Al | 0.18±0.33 | 2.53±2.47 | 0.26±0.04 | |
| Ca | 0.85±1.33 | 2.65±3.40 | 0.50±0.12 | |
| Cd | 0.009±0.023 | 0.009±0.022 | ||
| Cr | 0.080±0.169 | 0.163±0.292 | 0.003±0.002 | |
| Cu | 0.171±0.409 | 0.162±0.391 | ||
| Mg | 0.906±1.710 | 1.739±1.783 | 0.065±0.012 | |
| Mn | 0.005±0.015 | 0.010±0.028 | 0.025±0.026 | |
| S | 1.174±0.404 | 1.24±0.24 | ||
| As | 0.003±0.003 | 0.003±0.004 | ||
| Se | 0.0001±0.0002 | 0.0005±0.0004 | ||
| Br | 0.047±0.011 | 0.044±0.013 | ||
| Rb | 0.036±0.013 | 0.035±0.013 | ||
| Zr | 4E-05±7E-05 | 0.0002±0.0003 | ||
| Ag | 0.004±0.005 | 0.005±0.005 | ||
| Sn | nd | 0.002±0.003 | ||
| Sb | nd | 0.001±0.001 | ||
| Ba | 0.016±0.022 | 0.015±0.016 | ||
| Bi | nd | 0.001±0.001 | ||
| Total | 2.1±0.2 | 4.9±0.5 | 6.5±1.8 | |
| PAHb | Naph | 0.42±0.57 | 0.39±0.53 | 0.012±0.025 |
| Acy | nd | nd | nd | |
| Ace | 0.02±0.07 | 0.02±0.05 | 0.001±0.002 | |
| Flu | nd | nd | 0.005±0.011 | |
| Phe | 0.03±0.07 | 0.02±0.05 | 0.004±0.008 | |
| Ant | 0.02±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.0003±0.0007 | |
| Fth | 0.50±0.75 | 0.49±0.75 | 0.015±0.029 | |
| Pyr | 0.29±0.33 | 0.26±0.27 | 0.01±0.02 | |
| BaA | 0.12±0.18 | 0.11±0.14 | 0.012±0.024 | |
| Chry | 0.17±0.21 | 0.15±0.17 | 0.01±0.02 | |
| BbF | 0.13±0.12 | 0.12±0.11 | 0.021±0.037 | |
| BkF | 0.05±0.04 | 0.05±0.04 | 0.011±0.022 | |
| BaP | 0.13±0.15 | 0.11±0.13 | 0.013±0.025 | |
| DahA | 0.08±0.10 | 0.08±0.10 | nd | |
| BghiP | 0.02±0.03 | 0.02±0.03 | nd | |
| Ideno | nd | nd | nd | |
| Total PAH | 2.0±0.2 | 1.8±0.1 | 0.11±0.01 | |
| Levoglucosan Methoxy- phenols c | LG | 56.2 | 57.4 | |
| ETGU | 0.0019 | 0.0018 | ||
| EUG | 0.0050 | 0.0047 | ||
| VAN | 0.0294 | 0.0278 | ||
| TISOEU | 0.0034 | 0.0032 | ||
| ACETV | 0.0073 | 0.0069 | ||
| GUACE | 0.0172 | 0.0163 | ||
| ALLSY | 0.0037 | 0.0035 | ||
| PRSY | 0.0029 | 0.0028 | ||
| SYALD | 0.0835 | 0.0797 | ||
| ACETSY | 0.3880 | 0.3715 | ||
| CONIF | nd | 0.0058 | ||
| PRSYON | 0.0622 | 0.0597 | ||
| SINAP | 0.0100 | 0.0109 | ||
| Total meth. | 0.62 | 0.60 | ||
| Total all | 614±42 | 613±41 | ||
nd: not detected; blank cells: not analyzed (for SPM in hood experiments)
EC/OC data available for 2 hood spread burning experiments, not presented in Table 4 (see the text).
a
- Elements analyzed by PIXE and ICP-OES: Be, Co, Li, Mo, Tl were not detected in any sample
b
- The detection limits of the PAHs were in the order of 1 ng mL−1 sample extract.
c
- only 13 detected among 21 analyzed methoxyphenols are presented in Table 4. Detection limits for the methoxyphenols were in the range of 1 – 30 ng mL−1 of sample extract.