Table 1. Impact of total (upper panel) and partial sleep deprivation (lower panel) on glucose metabolism.
OGTT: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. ivGTT: Intravenous Glucose tolerance test.
| SUBJECTS | STUDY CONDITIONS | CHANGES WITH SLEEP DEPRIVATION | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time in bed | Method | |||
| Total sleep deprivation studies | ||||
| Kuhn et al. 1969 [12] | 28 men 20-30 yo BMI n.a. |
72-126h total sleep deprivation vs. 4-5 “control” nights | OGTT | ⇓ glucose tolerance |
| Vondra et al. 1981 [13] | 7 men 21-23 yo BMI n.a. |
120h total sleep deprivation vs. 3 “normal” nights |
Muscle biopsy and energy metabolism-related senzymatic activity | Prediabetic type of muscle metabolism ⇑ fasting glucose |
| VanHelder et al. 1993 [14] | 10 men 22 ± 3 yo 12. 6 ± 5. 9% body fat |
60h total sleep deprivation vs. 1 × 7h in bed |
OGTT | ⇑ insulin response ⇔ glucose tolerance |
| Gonzalez-Ortiz et al. 2000 [15] | 28 men & women 19-23 yo BMI < 26 kg/m2 |
24h total sleep deprivation vs. 1 night of “normal sleep” |
Insulin suppression test modified with octreotide | ⇑ steady state glucose ⇔ steady state insulin |
| Schmid et al. 2007 [16] | 10 men 25 ± 1 yo BMI 23.8 ± 0.5 kg/m2 |
1 night total sleep deprivation vs. 1 × 7h in bed |
Stepwise hypoglycemic clamp | ⇓ baseline glucagon ⇑ relative glucagon response to hypoglycemia |
| Partial sleep deprivation studies | ||||
| Spiegel et al. 1999 [17] | 11 men 18-27 yo BMI 23.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2 |
6 × 4h in bed vs. 6 × 12h in bed |
ivGTT | ⇓ glucose tolerance ⇓ glucose effectiveness ⇓ AIRg |
| Spiegel et al. 2005 [25] | 12 young men 22 ± 2 yo 23.6 ± 2 kg/m2 |
2 × 4h in bed vs. 2 × 10h in bed |
Daytime blood sampling (q20 min) | ⇑ glucose ⇓ insulin |
| Leproult et al. 2006 [26] | 10 men & 2 women 24 ± 1 yo BMI 23.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2 |
7 × 5h in bed vs. 2 × 10h in bed |
ivGTT | ⇓ insulin sensitivity |
| Buxton et al. 2008 [27] | 20 men 20 - 35 yo BMI 21 - 30 kg/m2 |
7 × 5h in bed vs. 3 × 10h in bed |
Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp | ⇓ insulin sensitivity |
| Bosy-Westphal et al. 2008 [28] | 14 women 28 - 38 yo BMI 20 - 36.6 kg/m2 |
1 × 7h, 2 × 6h, 1 × 4h in bed vs. 2 × >8h in bed |
OGTT | ⇔ Insulin sensitivity (HOMA index) ⇔) Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) |
| Zielinski et al. 2008 [29] | Restriction: 6 men & 16 women 60 ± 5 yo BMI 24.7±3 kg/m2 Controls: 6 men & 12 women 61 ± 5 yo BMI 26.6±3.4 kg/m2 |
Restriction: 8 weeks of 6.6 ± 0.6h vs. 2 weeks of 7.6 ± 0.7h Controls: 8 weeks of 6.8 ± 1.1 h vs. 2 weeks of 7.2 ± 1.1 h |
OGTT | ⇔ glucose tolerance ⇔ Insulin sensitivity (QUICKI index) |
| Schmid et al. 2009 [31] | 10 men 20-40 yo BMI 23.8 ± 0.5 kg/m2 |
1 × 4.5h in bed vs. 1 × 7h in bed |
Stepwise hypoglycemic clamp | ⇓ baseline glucagon ⇓ glucagon during hypoglycemia |
| Nedeltcheva et al. 2009 [32] | 6 men & 5 women 39 ± 5 yo BMI 26.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2 |
14 × 5.5h in bed vs. 14 × 8.5h in bed |
OGTT ivGTT | ⇓ oral glucose tolerance ⇓ insulin sensitivity ⇑ glucose effectiveness |
| Donga et al. 2010 JCEM [33] | 5 men & 4 women 23-62 yo BMI < 26 kg/m2 |
1 × 4h in bed vs. 1 × 8.5h in bed |
Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp [6,6-2H2]-glucose infusion | ⇓ peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity |
| Van Leeuwen et al. 2010 [34] | 23 men (15 sleep restriction, 8 controls) 19 - 29 yo BMI 23.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2 |
Restriction: 5 × 4h in bed vs. 2 × 8h in bed Controls: 8h in bed |
Single fasting blood sample (7.30 am) | ⇔) glucose ⇑ fasting insulin |