Table 2. Impact of total (upper panel) and partial sleep deprivation (lower panel) on appetite regulation.

OGTT: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.

	SUBJECTS	STUDY CONDITIONS		CHANGES WITH SLEEP DEPRIVATION
		Time in bed	Caloric intake	Weight	Leptin	Ghrelin	Hunger	Caloric intake
Total sleep deprivation
Simon et al. 1998 [40]	7 men 21-25 yo BMI 22.2 ± 0.6 kg/m2	8h in bed (23:00-07:00) vs. Total sleep deprivation followed by daytime 8h in bed	24h continuous enteral nutrition	n/a	⇓ during night	n/a	n/a	n/a
Mullington et al. 2003 [41]	10 men 22-37 yo BMI 20-34.5 kg/m2	3 × 8h in bed + recovery vs. 88h total sleep deprivation	3 meals + optional evening snack /24h vs 4 meals + optional evening snack /24h	⇔	⇓ during night	n/a	n/a	n/a
Dzaja et al. 2004 [43]	10 men 28 ± 3 yo BMI 20.5 - 29.5 kg/m2	10h in bed vs. Total sleep deprivation	Matched standardized meals (1800 kcal/24h)	n/a	n/a	⇓ during night	n/a	n/a
Schmid et al. 2007 [16]	10 men 20-40 yo BMI 20.7-25 kg/m2	1 × 7h sleep vs. 1 × 0h sleep	No food from 21:00 to hypoglycemic clamp	n/a	n/a	n/a	⇑	n/a
Partial sleep deprivation
Guilleminault et al. 2003 [54]	8 men 18-25 yo BMI 22.9 ± 0.7 kg/m2	1 × ad lib + 2 × 8.5h in bed vs. 7 × 4h in bed	Standardized diet	n/a	⇓	n/a	n/a	n/a
Spiegel et al. 2004 [19]	11 men 22 ± 1 yo BMI 23.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2	6 × 12h in bed vs. 6 × 4h in bed	Matched meals on the day preceding and on the day of blood sampling	⇔	⇓	n/a	n/a	n/a
Spiegel et al. 2004 [44]	12 men 22 ± 2 yo lBMI 23.6 ± 2 kg/m2	2 × 10h in bed vs. 2 × 4h in bed	Matched diner on the second night / Matched glucose infusion during blood sampling	⇔	⇓	⇑	⇑	n/a
Schmid et al. 2008 [55]	9 men 20-40 yo BMI 20.7-25.0 kg/m2	1 × 7h sleep vs. 1 × 4.5h sleep vs. 1 × 0h sleep	No food from 21:00 to single morning blood draw	n/a	⇔	⇑	⇑	n/a
Bosy-Westphal et al. 2008 [28]	14 women 23-38 yo BMI 20-36.6 kg/m2	2 × >8h (9h sleep) vs. 7h, 6h, 6h, 4h (5.5h sleep)	ad lib diet prior to OGTT	⇑ +0.4 kg	⇑	⇔	⇔	⇑ + 20% by dietary records
Schmid et al. 2009 [31]	10 men 20-40 yo BMI 20.7-25.0 kg/m2	1 × 7h sleep vs. 1 × 4.5h sleep	No food from 21:00 to hypoglycemic clamp	n/a	n/a	n/a	⇔	n/a
Schmid et al. 2009 [50]	15 men 20-40 yo BMI 22.9 ± 0.3 kg/m2	2 × 8h15 in bed vs. 2 × 4h15 in bed	Uncontrolled food intake until the morning of the 2nd night when blood sampling was initiated and ad lib food offered	n/a	⇔	⇔	⇔	⇑ 60% more than usual in both sleep conditions
Tasali et al. 2009 [74]	10 men and women 18-28 yo BMI 20-25 kg/m2	4 × 8.5h in bed vs. 4 × 4.5h in bed	Matched meals /ad lib buffet at the end	⇔	n/a	n/a	n/a	⇑ during ad lib buffet
Nedeltcheva et al. 2009 [48]	5 women, 6 men 34-49 yo BMI 24-29 kg/m2	14 × 8.5h in bed vs. 14 × 5.5h in bed	ad lib diet /identical meals on the blood sampling day	Similar ⇑ in both sleep conditions	⇔	⇔	n/a	⇑ snacks
Brondel et al. 2010 [46]	12 men 18-29 yo BMI 19-24.6 kg/m2	1 × 4h in bed vs. 1 × 8h in bed	Similar food intake the day before sleep restriction. Ad libitum food intake after sleep restriction.	n/a	n/a	n/a	⇑	⇑
Omisade et al. 2010 [52]	15 women 18-25 yo BMI 18.3-51.9 kg/m2	2 × 10h in bed vs. 1 × 3h in bed	Matched meals	n/a	⇑	n/a	⇔	n/a
van Leeuwen et al. 2010 [34]	15 men 19 - 29 yo BMI 23.3 ± 2.7 kg/m2	2 × 8h in bed vs. 5 × 4h in bed	Matched meals and snacks /+ one more snack (fruit; 50kcal) at 0:30 during sleep restriction	n/a	⇑	n/a	⇔	n/a
Simpson et al. 2010 [51]	136 men and women 22 – 45 yo BMI 17.7 – 32.6 kg/m2	2 × 10h in bed vs. 5 × 4h in bed	Ad libitum food access	n/a	⇑	n/a	n/a	n/a