Table 3.

Assessment in children and adolescents

Instruments		Description	Information Level	Age	Reference
Inventories on symptom levels
Anxiety
CASI	Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index	18-items to evaluate separation anxiety, panic attacks and agoraphobic fears and children’s belief that anxiety symptoms have aversive consequences	Self-report	–	Silverman et al (1991)
MASC	Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children	39 items, 4 scales: physical symptoms, social anxiety, harm avoidance, separation/panic anxiety	Self-report, parent report	8–16	March, Parker Sullivan, Stallings & Comers (1997)
RCMAS	Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale	37 items, 3 factors: physiological manifestations of anxiety, worry and oversensitivity, fear/concentration	Self-report	6–19	Reynolds & Richmond (1978)
FSS-C	Fear Survey Schedule for Children—Revised	80 items describing fears, loading on 5 factors fear of failure and criticism, fear of the unknown, fear of injury and small animals, fear of danger and death, medical fears	–	7–18	Ollendick (1983)
PARS	Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale	Anxiety severity scale specifically addressing the separation anxiety, social phobia and GAD symptoms	Clinical rating	6–17	RUPP Anxiety Study Group (2002)
CBCL, YSR, TRF	Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self-Report, Teacher Report Form	Behavior inventory including a broad subscale of internalizing symptomatology, a specific depression/anxiety scale	–	4–18; 11+ (YSR)	Achenbach (1991)
HARS	Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale	Developed according to Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale for use in children			Clark & Donovan (1994)
STAIC	State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children	2 independent 20-item inventories to assess state and trait anxiety	–	8–12	Spielberger (1973)
Social phobia
LSAS	Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale	Evaluation of severity of fear and avoidance symptoms for social and performance-related situations; 4 subscales and total fear and total avoidance scores	Self-report	–	Liebowitz (1987)
BSPS	Brief Social Phobia Scale	Rating of fear, avoidance, severity, and somatic symptoms of social situations	Self-report	18+, adolescents	Davidson et al (1991, 1997)
SPAI-C	Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children	39 items to assess somatic, cognitive and behavioral responses to a variety of social and performance situations	Self-report	8–18	Turner et al (1989); Beidel et al (1995, 2000)
SAS-C, SAS-A	Social Anxiety Scale for Children—Revised, Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents	22-item inventory with 3 factors: fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress specific to new situations, generalized social avoidance and distress	Self-report, parent report	–	La Greca & Stone (1993)
SIAS	Social Interaction Anxiety Scale	Assesses fear of interacting in dyads and groups and fear of scrutiny	Self-report	–	Mattick & Clarke (1998)
Specific phobias
FSS-C	Fear Survey Schedule for Children—Revised	80 items describing fears, loading on 5 factors fear of failure and criticism, fear of the unknown, fear of injury and small animals, fear of danger and death, medical fears	–	7–18	Ollendick (1983)
Generalized anxiety
PSWQ-C	Penn State Worry Questionnaire— Children and Adolescents	Adaptation of the Penn state worry questionnaire for use with children and adolescents to assess intensity and inability to control pathological worrying with 16 items (PSWQ-C). The PSWQ-C demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity, and excellent reliability	Self-report	6–18	Chorpita et al (1997)
Categorical diagnostic inventories
SCARED	Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders	41 item; assesses DSM symptoms of panic, separation anxiety, social phobia, GAD, and school phobia	Self-report, parent report	–	Birmaher et al (1997, 1999)
ADIS-C/P	Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV—Child and Parent Version	Semistructured, interviewer-observer format, diagnoses of lifetime and current anxiety, mood, externalizing disorders and screening for other disorders	Self-report, parent report		DiNardo, O’Brien, Barlow, Waddell & Blanchard (1983)
K-SADS	Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (Kiddie-SADS)	Semistructured diagnostic interview to derive DSM diagnoses, including severity ratings	Self-report, parent report	6–17	Kaufman, Birmaher, Brent, Rao & Ryan (1997)
NIMHDISC-IV	NIHM Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV	Highly structured interview, follows a symptom-orientated structure and covers most axis-I disorders	Self-report	6–17	Shaffer, Fisher, Lucas, Dulcan & Schwab-Stone (2000)
DICA	Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents	Structured syndrome-orientated interview, also parent version (DICA-P) available	Self-report, parent report	6–17	Herjanic & Reich (1982); Welneret et al (1987)
CAEF	Children’s Anxiety Evaluation Form	Combination of semistructured interview+chart review+direct observation	–	–	Hoehn-Saric et al (1987)
CAPA	Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment	Assesses 30 different categorical disorders, family, peer, academic functioning, life events, service use	Self-report, parent report	8+	Angold & Costello (2000); Angold et al (1995)
CIDI	Composite International Diagnostic Interview	Standardized assessment of symptoms, syndromes and diagnoses of 48 mental disorders according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria along with information about onset, duration, and severity; respond lists to increase validity and to diminish recall bias	Self-report	14–65	Wittchen & Pfister (1997)
CSA	Children’s Assessment Schedule	Semistructured psychiatric interview to determine specific diagnoses for clinical practice, or to derive a total score of problems or symptoms, separate scores for specific content areas or symptom complexes	Self-report	6–17	Hodges et al (1982)

Note: References from this table are available from the corresponding author.