Table 5.
Course of anxiety disorders from childhood and early adolescence to late adolescence and adulthood (follow-up and follow-back studies)
| Disorder of Interest | Study Characteristics | Outcome | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Study (Country) | N | Age at Baseline | FU Duration in Years | Same Disorder | Other Anxiety Disorder | Depressive Disorder | Other Disorders |
| Social phobia | ||||||||
| Stein et al (2001) | EDSP (Germany) | 2548 | 14–24 | 5 | x | x | x | – |
| Merikangas et al (2002) | Zurich study (Switzerland) | 591 | 18–19 | 15 | x | x | x | – |
| Essau, Conradt & Peterman (2002) | BJS (Germany) | 1035 | 12–17 | 1.3 | – | x | – | – |
| Pine et al (1998) | NYCLS (USA) | 776 | 9–18 | 9 | x | x | – | – |
| Last et al (1996) | (USA) | 247 | 5–18 | 34 | x | x | n.e. | – |
| Hale et al (2008) | CONAMORE (Netherlands) | 1318 | 12–16 | 5 | x | n.e. | n.e. | – |
| Gregory et al (2007) | DMHDS (New Zealand) | 1037 | 11 | 21 | x | x | n.e. | – |
| Bittner et al (2007) | GSMS (USA) | 906 | 9/11/13 | 6–10 | – | m | – | ADHD (m) |
| GAD/OAD | ||||||||
| Gregory et al (2007) | DMHDS (New Zealand) | 1037 | 11 | 21 | x | x | n.e. | – |
| Pine et al (1998) | NYCLS (USA) | 776 | 9–18 | 9 | x | x | x | – |
| Bittner et al (2004) | EDSP (Germany) | 2548 | 14–24 | 5 | n.e | n.e | x | – |
| Bittner et al (2007) | GSMS(USA) | 906 | 9/11/13 | 6–10 OAD: | f | – | f | CD (m) |
| – | – | – | 6–10 GAD: | – | – | f | Substance use disorders (f) | |
| Hale et al (2008) | CONAMORE (Netherlands) | 1318 | 12–16 | 5 | f | n.e. | n.e. | – |
| Separation anxiety disorder | ||||||||
| Foley et al (2004) | (USA) | 161 twins | 8–17 | 1.5 | – | x | x | CD, ADHD, ODD |
| Hale et al (2008) | CONAMORE (Netherlands) | 1318 | 12–16 | 5 | – | n.e. | n.e. | – |
| Bittner et al (2007) | GSMS (USA) | 906 | 9/11/13 | 6–10 | f | f | – | |
| Bruckl et al (2007) | EDSP (Germany) | 1090 | 14–24 | 4 | n.e. | x | – | Bipolar disorders, pain disorders, alcohol dependence |
| Pine et al (1998) | NYCLS (USA) | 776 | 9–18 | 9 | n.e. | – | – | – |
| Agoraphobia | ||||||||
| Gregory et al (2007) | DMHDS (New Zealand) | 1037 | 11 | 21 | x | x | n.e. | – |
| Specific phobias | ||||||||
| Gregory et al (2007) | DMHDS (New Zealand) | 1037 | 11 | 21 | x | x | n.e. | – |
| Pine et al (1998) | NYCLS (USA) | 776 | 9–18 | 9 | x | – | – | – |
| Panic disorder | ||||||||
| Gregory et al (2007) | DMHDS (New Zealand) | 1037 | 11 | 21 | x | x | n.e. | – |
| Hale et al (2008) | CONAMORE (Netherlands) | 1318 | 12–16 | 5 | – | n.e. | n.e. | – |
| Any anxiety disorder | ||||||||
| Last et al (1996) | (USA) | 102 | 5–18 | 4 | x | x | x | Behavioral disorders |
| Clark et al (2007) | 1958 British birth cohort | 9727 | birth | 45 | n.e. | n.e. | n.e. | Internalizing and externalizing disorders |
| Woodward & Fergusson (2001) | CHDS (New Zealand) | 964 | 14–16 | 21 | – | x | x | Substance use disorders |
| Kim-Cohen et al (2003) | DMHDS (New Zealand) | 1037 | birth | 26 | x | x | x | – |
| Feng et al (2008) | WIC (USA) | 290 (boys only) | 7–17 months | 8 | x | x | x | – |
| Lewinsohn et al (1997) | OADP (USA) | 1507 | 13–19 | 1 | n.e. | x | x | Externalizing disorders (substance use, disruptive behaviors) |
Note: References from this table are available from the corresponding author. No associations found. x, positive associations irrespective of gender; f, positive associations only in females; m: positive associations only in males; n.e., not estimated; CD, conduct disorder, ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder.
Study abbreviations: CHDS, Christchurch Health and Development Study; CONAMORE, Conflict and Management of Relationships; DMHDS, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study; EDSP, Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology; GSMS, Great Smokey Mountain Study; NYCLS, New York Child Longitudinal Study; OADP, Oregon Adolescent Depression Project; WIC, Women Infants Children Program (Pittsburgh).