TABLE 2.
Descriptive and multivariate association between host factors and P. falciparum infection in peripheral blood and placenta of pregnant women at delivery
| Parameter | Infection at deliverya |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Periphery |
Placenta |
|||||
| No. of positive samples/total no. of samples (%) | ORb | 95% CI | No. of positive samples/total no. of samples (%) | ORb | 95% CI | |
| Microscopy/histology | ||||||
| Age (yr) | ||||||
| ≤20 | 23/130 (18) | 28/111 (25) | ||||
| 21-25 | 9/101 (9) | 9/89 (10) | ||||
| >25 | 7/128 (5) | 13/109 (12) | ||||
| Parity | ||||||
| PG | 21/100 (21) | 1 | 25/87 (29) | 1 | ||
| MG | 18//259 (7) | 0.26 | 0.13-0.53d | 25/222 (11) | 0.30 | 0.16-0.57d |
| HIV | ||||||
| Neg | 16/167 (10) | 21/144 (15) | ||||
| Pos | 23/192 (12) | 29/165 (18) | ||||
| IPTp | ||||||
| Placebo | 28/172 (16) | 1 | 32/146 (22) | 1 | ||
| SP | 11/187 (6) | 0.30 | 0.14-0.63d | 18/163 (11) | 0.42 | 0.22-0.79e |
| qPCR | ||||||
| Age (yr) | ||||||
| ≤20 | 44/130 (34) | 45/111 (41) | 1 | |||
| 21-25 | 31/101 (31) | 30/89 (34) | 0.71 | 0.39-1.29 | ||
| >25 | 30/128 (23) | 23/109 (21) | 0.37 | 0.20-0.69d | ||
| Parity | ||||||
| PG | 37/100 (37) | 1 | 33/87 (38) | |||
| MG | 68/259 (26) | 0.58 | 0.35-0.97e | 65/222 (29) | ||
| HIV | ||||||
| Neg | 48/167 (29) | 44/144 (31) | ||||
| Pos | 57/192 (27) | 54/165 (33) | ||||
| IPTp | ||||||
| Placebo | 67/172 (39) | 1 | 60/146 (41) | 1 | ||
| SP | 38/187 (20) | 0.39 | 0.24-0.63d | 38/163 (23) | 0.42 | 0.26-0.70d |
| Submicroscopic infectionsc | ||||||
| Age (yr) | ||||||
| ≤20 | 21/107 (20) | 20/83 (24) | ||||
| 21-25 | 22/92 (24) | 21/80 (26) | ||||
| >25 | 23/121 (19) | 14/96 (15) | ||||
| Parity | ||||||
| PG | 16/79 (20) | 11/62 (18) | ||||
| MG | 50/241 (21) | 44/197 (22) | ||||
| HIV | ||||||
| Neg | 32/151 (21) | 28/123 (23) | ||||
| Pos | 34/169 (20) | 27/136 (20) | ||||
| IPTp | ||||||
| Placebo | 39/144 (27) | 1 | 31/114 (27) | 1 | ||
| SP | 27/176 (15) | 0.49 | 0.28-0.85e | 24/145 (17) | 0.53 | 0.29-0.97e |
a
Included in the analysis are those women with data available for all variables considered in the model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PG, primigravidae; MG, multigravidae; IPTp, intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy; SP, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; qPCR, quantitative PCR; Neg, negative; Pos, positive.
b
Logistic regression model, mutivariate stepwise analysis.
c
Microscopy negative and qPCR positive.
d
P < 0.005.
e
P < 0.05.