Table 4.

Results of null hypothesis testing for differences in form between humans and all other groups for six landmark subsets.

Landmark subset		All apes	Great apes	Bonobos	Chimpanzees	Gorillas	Orangutans	Gibbons
Frontal	Males	0.041*	0.243	0.284	0.072	0.001**	0.068	0.030*
	Females	0.006*	0.116	0.027*	0.225	0.009*	0.091	0.021*
Cortical    surface	Males	0.002**	0.004**	0.017*	0.064	0.001*	0.267	0.001**
	Females	0.002**	0.001**	0.001**	0.012*	0.018*	0.007*	0.004**
Hindbrain	Males	0.012*	0.086	0.934	0.355	0.043*	0.064	0.001**
	Females	0.058	0.003**	0.015*	0.002**	0.006*	0.001**	0.251
Internal    forebrain	Males	0.001**	0.002**	0.014*	0.012*	0.111	0.190	0.005*
	Females	0.004**	0.006*	0.041*	0.019*	0.244	0.003**	0.061
Parieto-    temporal	Males	0.006*	0.017*	0.021*	0.203	0.797	0.360	0.020*
	Females	0.007*	0.004**	0.047*	0.150	0.035*	0.178	0.007*
Parieto-    occipital	Males	0.190	0.184	0.141	0.560	0.780	0.683	0.077
	Females	0.024*	0.190	0.248	0.146	0.706	0.045*	0.082

Each column represents comparisons between humans and the groups listed in the first row.

^*indicates significant differences (p ≤ 0.05);

^**indicates significant differences after Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons (p < 0.0042).