Table 2.
Odds Ratios From Cumulative Logistic Regression for Lower-Body Functional Limitations, Ages 50 and Above, Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS)1
| Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early life conditions | ||||||
| Born in a high-migration state (No) | 0.88** (0.80–0.95) | 0.87** (0.80–0.95) | 0.85** (0.78–0.93) | 0.83** (0.76–0.91) | 0.85** (0.78–0.93) | 0.82** (0.75–0.89) |
| Went to bed hungry before age 10 (No) | 1.55** (1.42–1.69) | 1.46** (1.34–1.60) | 1.36** (1.24–1.49) | 1.45** (1.33–1.59) | 1.27* (1.16–1.39) | 1.19** (1.09–1.31) |
| Health problems before age 10 (No) | 1.27** (1.12–1.45) | 1.27** (1.11–1.45) | 1.30** (1.14–1.48) | 1.28** (1.12–1.47) | 1.15* (1.01–1.32) | 1.18* (1.03–1.35) |
| Father’s occupation (Agriculture) | ||||||
| Office/professional | 0.63** (0.51–0.82) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) |
| Other nonagricultural | 0.84** (0.77–0.93) | 0.92† (0.84–1.01) | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) | 0.90 (0.81–0.99) | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) |
| Other2 | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 1.23* (1.03–1.47) | 1.41** (1.18–1.70) | 1.21* (1.00–1.45) | 1.24* (1.04–1.49) | 1.36** (1.13–1.64) |
| Had no father/guardian | 0.91 (0.71–1.16) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.90 (0.71–1.16) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) |
| Mother’s education (None) | ||||||
| Elementary school | 0.83** (0.76–0.91) | 0.90* (0.82–0.98) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.89* (0.81–0.97) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) |
| Junior high school or above | 0.58** (0.47–0.71) | 0.68** (0.54–0.85) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.69* (0.55–0.87) | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) |
| Adult sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
| Respondent’s education (None) | ||||||
| Some elementary school | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | ||||
| Completed elementary school | 0.84* (0.73–0.96) | 0.88† (0.77–1.01) | ||||
| Junior high school | 0.71** (0.58–0.87) | 0.80* (0.65–0.98) | ||||
| High school or above | 0.56** (0.46–0.68) | 0.66** (0.55–0.80) | ||||
| Respondent’s occupation (Agriculture/forestry) | ||||||
| Professional/administrative | 0.77** (0.63–0.93) | 0.76** (0.62–0.93) | ||||
| Industrial worker | 0.88* (0.78–1.00) | 0.86* (0.76–0.98) | ||||
| Never had a job | 0.81* (0.69–0.96) | 0.87† (0.74–1.02) | ||||
| Logged individual income | 1.27 (0.86–1.88) | 1.18 (0.79–1.75) | ||||
| Logged household assets | 0.76** (0.65–0.89) | 0.78** (0.67–0.91) | ||||
| Married or in consensual union (No) | 1.12* (1.02–1.23) | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | ||||
| Health behaviors & indicators | ||||||
| Smoking behaviors (Never) | ||||||
| Started smoking before age 16 | 1.45** (1.28–1.65) | 1.34** (1.18–1.53) | ||||
| Started smoking at age 16 or older | 1.12* (1.01–1.23) | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | ||||
| Body Mass Index (Normal) | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.20 (0.90–1.61) | 1.26† (0.98–1.63) | ||||
| Overweight | 1.19** (1.06–1.35) | 1.20** (1.07–1.35) | ||||
| Obese | 1.87** (1.66–2.10) | 1.78** (1.57–2.01) | ||||
| Chronic diseases/symptoms | ||||||
| Had diabetes (No) | 1.73** (1.54–1.93) | 1.69** (1.51–1.89) | ||||
| Had arthritis (No) | 2.13** (1.91–2.37) | 2.08** (1.87–2.32) | ||||
| Often suffer from pain (No) | 3.23** (2.96–3.54) | 3.13** (2.86–3.43) | ||||
1
All models control for age and sex. Model 1 assesses whether each indicator of early-life conditions individually predicts adult LBFL. Model 2 controls for all early-life conditions simultaneously.
2
Other refers to childcare and occupations not specified in the questionnaire. It also includes those who did not work.
†
p<0.1;
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01