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Possible mechanisms of female incontinence in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Features of MetS including diabetes and obesity may contribute to stress urinary incontinence (SUI). In addition, diabetes (DM) and other possible MetS components such as elevated sympathetic activity and pelvic ischemia may further lead to overactive bladder (OAB) and urinary urge incontinence (UUI) via the denoted pathways. M receptor, muscarinic receptor.
