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. 2010 Nov 24;85(3):1370–1383. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01250-10

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

RIG-I-activating DNA vaccines. (A) Innate immune signaling in response to DNA and vector-encoded RIG-I PAMPs. Cytoplasmic (cyto) DNA may activate cytoplasmic receptors ZBP1 (DAI [not shown]), the IFI16 cytoplasmic receptor signaling through STING and TBK-1 (58), or the inflammasome through AIM2, while endosomal (endo) DNA activates TLR9 (15). Cytoplasmic RIG-I agonist RNA may activate IPS-1/IRF3 and the inflammasome through RIG-I and potentially also induce TLR3 (dsRNA) or TLR7 or -8 (ssRNA) activation in the transfected cell through endosome autophagy (not shown) or in bystander cells through uptake of RNA released by cell death. (B) Map of NTC8382 antibiotic-free (RNA-OUT) influenza virus H5 HA expression vector containing chimeric CMV-HTLV-1 R promoter and immunostimulatory RNA (isRNA) RIG-I agonist eRNA41H (eRNA11a and VA1).