FIGURE 5.

Direct and indirect transcriptional mechanisms by PPARδ in the control of hepatic gene expression. A–E, promoter analyses to determine PPARδ direct target genes. Promoter regions of potential target genes were cloned into a luciferase reporter. The resulting constructs were co-transfected with combinations of expression vectors for PPARδ/RXRα, SREBP-1c, PGC-1β, and PGC-1α (for E only) into HepG2 cells, together with a β-galactosidase reporter internal control. PPARδ/RXRα-transfected cells were cultured in the presence or absence of GW501516 (0.1 μm, PPARδ agonist) for 24 h. The reporter luciferase activity was normalized to β-galactosidase activity to obtain relative luciferase unit (RLU). mGK-2kb, mouse GK 2 kb promoter; hACC2-PI and -PII, human ACC2 promoter I and II; mFAS, mouse FAS promoter; mMCAD, mouse MCAD promoter.