Table 4.
Examples of herbs targeting molecular mediators of inflammation
| Herb | Origin | Active compound(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1. Herbs targeting cell signaling molecules (ERK, p38 MAP kinase and/or JNK) | |||
| Aralia cordata | Korea | 7-oxosandaracopimaric acid | 164 |
| Bidens pilosa | Taiwan | Phenylheptatriyne, linolic acid and linolenic acid | 16 |
| Curcuma longa | China/India | Curcumin | 177 |
| Epimedium koreanum | Korea | Ikarisoside A | 14 |
| Tanacetum parthenium | Europe | Parthenolide | 178 |
| Zingerber officinale | China/India | Zingerone | 140 |
| 2.2. Herbs targeting nuclear factors (NF-kB and/or AP-1) | |||
| Aralia cordata | Oriental region | 7-oxosandaracopimaric acid | 164 |
| Commiphora mukul | India | Guggulsterone, cembranoids | 61 |
| Dictamnus dasycarpus | Korea | Dictamnine, obacunone and fraxinellone | 179 |
| Epimedium koreanum | Korea | Ikarisoside A | 14 |
| Magnolia officinalis | Asia | Magnolol | 173 |
| Sinomenium acutum | China | Sinomenine | 167 |
| Tripterygium wilfordii | China | Triptolide, triptonide and celastrol | 15, 63, 180 |
| Withania somnifera | India | Withanolides | 64 |
Herbs mentioned in bold font were studied in the adjuvant arthritis (AA) model. Active compound identified in each herbal extract is listed. Some of these compounds have been tested for their specific inhibitory activity.