Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Health Care Insurance Status.a
| Health Care Insurance Status |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insured Without Financial Concerns (n=2294) |
Insured With Financial Concerns (n=689) |
No Insurance (n=738) |
P Value |
|
| INSURANCE PAYOR | <.001 | |||
| PPO | 1,208 (52.7) | 296 (43.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| HMO | 345 (15.0) | 86 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Medicare | 505 (22.0) | 160 (23.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Medicaid | 127 (5.5) | 78 (11.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Veterans Administration | 29 (1.3) | 17 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 80 (3.5) | 52 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||
| Age. mean (SD), y | 61.6 (12.5) | 56.5 (11.3) | 51.7 (8.6) | < .001 |
| Female sex | 739 (32.2) | 265 (38.5) | 215 (29.1) | <.001 |
| Race | <.001 | |||
| White | 1706 (74.5) | 473 (68.8) | 337 (46.0) | |
| Black | 473 (20.7) | 177 (25.7) | 290 (39.6) | |
| Other | 110 (4.8) | 38 (5.5) | 106 (14.5) | |
| Residential areab | <.001 | |||
| Urban | 1294 (56.4) | 386 (56.1) | 521 (70.9) | |
| Mixed | 326 (14.2) | 106 (15.4) | 78 (10.6) | |
| Rural | 673 (29.4) | 196 (28.5) | 136 (18.5) | |
| SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS | ||||
| Marital Status | <.001 | |||
| Married | 1367 (59.7) | 319 (46.3) | 272 (37.0) | |
| Single | 634 (27.7) | 294 (42.7) | 430 (58.4) | |
| Widowed | 288 (12.6) | 76 (11.0) | 34 (4.6) | |
| Education | <.001 | |||
| Lower than high school | 365 (6.0) | 172 (25.1) | 204 (27.7) | |
| High school | 1338 (58.8) | 411 (59.9) | 439 (59.6) | |
| College | 350 (15.4) | 73 (10.6) | 73 (9.9) | |
| Graduate school | 223 (9.8) | 30 (4.4) | 20 (2.7) | |
| PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ||||
| Depression (PHQ) | <.001 | |||
| Not clinically depressed | 1347 (62.3) | 264 (41.4) | 389 (56.1) | |
| Mild | 509 (23.5) | 186 (29.2) | 157 (22.7) | |
| Moderate | 185 (8.6) | 106 (16.6) | 84 (12.1) | |
| Moderately severe | 87 (4.0) | 55 (8.6) | 49 (7.1) | |
| Severe | 34 (1.6) | 26 (4.1) | 14 (2.0) | |
| Perceived stress | <.001 | |||
| Low perceived stress | 1185 (53.4) | 193 (28.8) | 270 (37.4) | |
| High perceived stress | 1035 (46.6) | 47 (71.2) | 451 (62.6) | |
| Low social support | 259 (11.7) | 188 (28.3) | 168 (23.2) | <.001 |
| HEALTH STATUS | ||||
| SAQ angina frequency | <.001 | |||
| Daily or weekly | 340 (14.9) | 131 (19.0) | 142 (19.3) | |
| Monthly | 640 (28.0) | 220 (32.0) | 221 (30.1) | |
| None | 1307 (57.1) | 337 (49.0) | 372 (50.6) | |
| SAQ Angina stability, mean (SD) | 45.7 (20.9) | 42.7 (23.2) | 42.9 (22.8) | <.001 |
| MEDICAL HISTORY | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1230 (53.6) | 344 (49.9) | 262 (35.5) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 1546 (67.4) | 473 (68.7) | 444 (60.2) | <.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 129 (5.6) | 28 (4.1) | 11 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 656 (28.6) | 246 (35.7) | 205 (27.8) | <.001 |
| Prior MI | 479 (20.9) | 173 (25.1) | 116 (15.7) | <.001 |
| Prior PCI or CABG | 625 (27.2) | 220 (31.9) | 122 (16.5) | <.001 |
| Prior stroke | 135 (5.9) | 35 (5.1) | 17 (2.3) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 173 (7.5) | 48 (7.0) | 24 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 167 (7.3) | 54 (7.8) | 27 (3.7) | <.001 |
| Chronic heart failure | 161 (7.0) | 76 (11.0) | 49 (6.6) | 0.001 |
| Smoked within last 30 days | 1256 (54.8) | 452 (65.6) | 520 (70.5) | <.001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 891 (40.1) | 311 (46.3) | 271 (41.2) | 0.02 |
| Family history of CAD | 1716 (75.6) | 522 (76.9) | 505 (69.0) | <.001 |
| CLINICAL FEATURES MI ADMISSION | ||||
| ST-segment elevation MI | 1040 (45.3) | 307 (44.6) | 329 (44.6) | 0.90 |
| Ejection fraction <40% | 371 (18.8) | 115 (19.6) | 153 (24.9) | 0.004 |
| Killip class | 0.12 | |||
| I or II | 2240 (98.6) | 672 (98.5) | 715 (97.5) | |
| III or IV | 31 (1.4) | 10 (1.5) | 18 (2.5) | |
| No arrival chest pain | 233 (10.3) | 50 (6.5) | 37 (4.5) | <.001 |
| Time of hospital arrival | 0.30 | |||
| Weekday | 850 (37.1) | 253 (36.8) | 284 (38.5) | |
| Weeknight | 694 (30.3) | 226 (32.8) | 241 (32.7) | |
| Weekend | 748 (32.6) | 209 (30.4) | 213 (28.9) | |
a
Values are expressed as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.
b
Residential area was determined by the proportion of rural residents for each zip code from the 2000 U.S. Census21 and categorized as: a) urban (<10% rural), 2) mixed (10-33% rural), or 3) rural (>33% rural).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (kilograms per meters squared); CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; HMO, health maintenance organization; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary interventions; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PPO, Preferred Provider Organization; SAQ, Seattle Angina Questionnaire.