Fig. 3.

Misfolded proteins impose a fitness disadvantage. (A) Fitness disadvantage of YFP-variant–expressing strains relative to a strain expressing YFPwt as a percentage of RFP-expressing reference strain growth rate, when fully induced with 27.5 mM galactose (induced) and 0 mM galactose (uninduced). Error bars show 95% confidence intervals about the mean. (B) Fitness disadvantage relative to strains expressing YFPwt correlates with the relative amount of insoluble YFP (Fig. 1A). (C) The fitness cost of YFPm3 increases linearly with protein level monitored by average YFPm3 fluorescence across all four time points. (D) Misfolded YFP-Ura3m1 confers an induction-dependent fitness cost relative to folded YFP-Ura3wt.