Table 2.

Factor Analyses of PES-NWI Across Countries

Country	Australia	Ontario	Quebec	Asian RNs in USA	Taiwan	Iceland
Language	English	English	French	English	Chinese	Icelandic
	Number of Items
PES-NWI Items by Subscale(USA)	30	28	21	31	31	30
Nurse Participation in Hospital Affairs Subscale (9 items)
Staff nurses are involved in the internal   governance of the hospital	HA	HA		HA	HA	HS
Opportunity for staff nurses to   participate in policy decisions	HA	HA	HA	HA	HA
Opportunities for advancement	HA	HA		HA	PD
Administration that listens and responds   to employee concerns	HA	HA	HA	NM	ML	HS
A chief nursing officer who is highly   visible and accessible to staff	HA	HA		NM	ML	HS
Career development/clinical ladder   opportunity	HA			HA	PD
Nursing administrators consult with   staff on daily problems and procedures	HA	HA	HA	NM	ML	HS
Staff nurses have the opportunity to   serve on hospital and nursing   committees	HA	HA	HA	HA	HA	HS
A chief nursing officer equal in power   and authority to other top-level hospital   executives	HA	HA		NM	ML
Nursing Foundations for Quality of Care Subscale (10 items)
Use of nursing diagnoses				FQ		PP
An active quality assurance program	FQ	FQ	FQ	NM	PD	HS
A preceptor program for newly hired   nurses	FQ	FQ	FQ	HA	PD	US
Nursing care is based on a nursing,   rather than medical model	FQ	FQ		FQ	NQ	PP
Patient care assignments that foster   continuity of care	FQ	FQ	FQ	FQ	NQ
A clear philosophy of nursing that   pervades the patient care environment	FQ	FQ	FQ	HA	NQ	PP
Written up-to-date care plans for all   patients	FQ	FQ		FQ	NQ	PP
High standards of nursing care are   expected by the administration	FQ	FQ		HA	NQ
Active staff development or continuing   education programs for nurses	FQ	FQ	FQ	HA	PD	US
Working with nurses who are clinically   competent	FQ	FQ	FQ	HA	ML
Nurse Manager Ability, Leadership and Support of Nurses Subscale (5 items)
A nurse manager who is a good   manager and leader	NM	NM	NM	NM	ML	US
A nurse manager who backs up the   nursing staff in decision-making, even if   the conflict is with a physician	NM	NM	NM	NM	ML	US
Supervisors use mistakes as learning   opportunities, not criticism	NM			NM	ML
A supervisory staff that is supportive of   the nurses	NM	NM	NM	NM	ML	US
Praise and recognition for a job well   done	NM	NM	NM	NM	ML	US
Staffing and Resource Adequacy Subscale (4 items)
Enough staff to get the work done	SR	SR	SR	SR	SR	SR
Enough registered nurses to provide   quality patient care	SR	SR	SR	SR		SR
Adequate support services allow me to   spend time with my patients	SR	SR	SR	SR	SR	SR
Enough time and opportunity to discuss   patient care problems with other nurses	SR	SR	SR	SR	SR	SR
Collegial Nurse-Physician Relationships Subscale (3 items)
A lot of teamwork between nurses and   physicians	CR	CR	CR	HA	PD	CR
Physicians and nurses have good   working relationships	CR	CR	CR	CR	SR	CR
Collaboration (joint practice) between   nurses and physicians	CR	CR	CR	HA	NQ	CR

Notes. CR=Collegial Nurse-Physician Relationships FQ=Nursing Foundations for Quality Care HA= Nurse Participation in Hospital Affairs HS=Hospital Level Support ML=Management and Leadership NM=Nurse Manager Ability, Leadership and Support of Nurses NQ=Nursing Quality PD=Nursing Professional Development PP=Philosophy of Practice SR=Staffing and Resource Adequacy US=Unit Level Support Blank Space=Item not used in scale

Adapted from “Development of the practice environment scale of the Nursing Work Index” by E. T. Lake, 2002, Research in Nursing and Health, 25, p. 181. This table is excluded from copyright.

This table includes only items found in Lake’s (2002) original scale. The results of the specified countries were reported in the following citations: USA: Lake, 2002; Australia: Middleton, Griffiths et al., 2008; Ontario: Laschinger & Leiter, 2006; Quebec: McCuscker, Dendukuri et al., 2004; Asian nurses in the US: Liou & Cheng, 2009; Taiwan: Chiang & Lin, 2008; Iceland: Gunnarsdottir et al., 2009.