Table 1.

Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids action

Nongenomic

Effect on secondary messenger systems

Regulation of membrane ion channels

Regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling

Effect on G protein signaling

Stimulation the release of Src kinase

Genomic

Gene activation

Annexin-1 (lipocortin-1), β2-adrenergic receptor, inhibitor of NFκB (I-κBα), secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), Clara cell protein 10 (CC10), IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10, mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ)

Gene repression

Direct

Proopiomelanocortin, corticotrophin releasing factor, osteocalcin, keratins

Indirect

Cytokines: IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-11, IL-13, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, TNFα, GM-CSF;

Chemokines: RANTES, MIP-1α, eotaxin

Enzymes: inducible nitric oxide synthase, inducible cyclooxygenase

Receptors: bradykinin β2-receptor, tachykinin NK1-receptor, NK-2 receptor