Table 7.

Potential failure modes of prosthetic valve dysfunction

Aortic stenosis

Stent creep

Pannus

Calcification

Support structure deformation (out-of-round configuration), under-expansion, fracture, or trauma (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, blunt chest trauma)

Mal-sizing (prosthesis-patient mismatch)

Endocarditis

Prosthetic valve thrombosis

Native leaflet prolapse impeding prosthetic leaflet motion

Aortic regurgitation

Pannus

Calcification

Support structure deformation (out-of-round configuration), recoil, under-expansion, fracture, insufficient radial strength, or trauma (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, blunt chest trauma)

Endocarditis

Prosthetic valve thrombosis

Malposition (too high, too low)

Acute mal-coaptation

Leaflet wear, tear/perforation, prolapse, or retraction

Suture breakage or disruption

Native leaflet prolapse impeding prosthetic leaflet motion