TABLE 2.
Risk of atrial fibrillation according to quartile (Q) of nutrient intake1
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend | |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 0 (0–0)2 | 2 (1–3) | 7 (3–13) | 29 (13–161) | — |
| No. of cases/participants | 107/2947 | 39/1886 | 56/2398 | 94/2409 | — |
| Person-years of follow-up | 11,154 | 7301 | 9238 | 9193 | — |
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted | 1 (reference)3 | 0.71 (0.49, 1.03) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.48) | 0.59 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1 (reference) | 0.73 (0.50, 1.05) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.18) | 1.12 (0.83, 1.51) | 0.48 |
| Caffeine (mg/d) | 23 (0–82) | 142 (82–186) | 347 (186–366) | 452 (366–1203) | — |
| No. of cases/participants | 89/2410 | 77/2410 | 71/2410 | 59/2410 | — |
| Person-years of follow-up | 9153 | 9168 | 9293 | 9271 | — |
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted | 1 (reference) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.23) | 0.96 (0.68, 1.35) | 0.78 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1 (reference) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.15) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.20) | 0.98 (0.70, 1.39) | 0.84 |
| Total fiber (g/d) | 10 (3–13) | 15 (13–17) | 20 (17–23) | 27 (23–95) | — |
| No. of cases/participants | 72/2407 | 71/2412 | 62/2413 | 91/2408 | — |
| Person-years of follow-up | 9180 | 9198 | 9331 | 9176 | — |
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted | 1 (reference) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.23) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.26) | 0.28 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1 (reference) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.20) | 0.64 (0.44, 0.92) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.20) | 0.16 |
| n−3 PUFA, 20:5 and 22:6 (mg/d) | 80 (0–120) | 150 (120–200) | 250 (200–330) | 460 (330–3800) | — |
| No. of cases/participants | 71/2319 | 80/2500 | 66/2392 | 79/2429 | — |
| Person-years of follow-up | 8878 | 9593 | 9149 | 9266 | — |
| Age, sex, and energy adjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.18 (0.86, 1.63) | 0.98 (0.70, 1.38) | 1.32 (0.95, 1.84) | 0.23 |
| Multivariable adjusted4 | 1 (reference) | 1.11 (0.81, 1.54) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.29) | 1.18 (0.85, 1.64) | 0.57 |
1
PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
2
Median; minimum–maximum in parentheses (all such values).
3
Hazard ratio; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).
4
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, electrocardiogram, PR interval, significant heart murmur, and heart failure.