Common flavonoid structures. Catechol flavonoids and their methyl- and 4′-hydroxy derivatives. A: Basic catechol flavonoid structure. B: Structure of apocynin, which is a vasoactive drug (similar in structure to methylated B-ring flavonoids). C: Catechol flavonoids in the diet (anthocyanin, cyanidin; flavan-3-ol, catechin) and a naturally occurring methyl derivative (anthocyanin, peonidin) in plants. D: 4′ Hydroxy flavonoids (anthocyanin, pelargonidin; flavone, apigenin).