TABLE 1.
Age-adjusted baseline characteristics of total flavonoid intakes (means and interquartile ranges) in women and men in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I, the NHS II, and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS)1
| NHS II (1991) |
NHS I (1990) |
HPFS (1990) |
|||||||
| Total | Q1 | Q5 | Total | Q1 | Q5 | Total | Q1 | Q5 | |
| All participants | |||||||||
| n | 87,242 | 17,408 | 17,299 | 46,672 | 9578 | 9278 | 23,043 | 4690 | 4448 |
| No. of cases | 11,402 | — | — | 17,616 | 5629 | — | — | ||
| Incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) | 13.9 | — | — | 34.5 | 26.5 | — | — | ||
| Age ≤60 y | |||||||||
| n | 87,242 | — | — | 33,041 | — | — | 15,434 | — | — |
| No. of cases | 11,402 | — | — | 6423 | — | — | 2289 | — | — |
| Incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) | 13.9 | — | — | 27.5 | — | — | 20.8 | — | — |
| Age (y)2 | 36 (25–42) | 36 | 36 | 55 (30–55) | 55 | 55 | 56 (40–75) | 55 | 56 |
| Smoking (%) | |||||||||
| Past | 22.1 | 22.0 | 20.6 | 38.1 | 35.5 | 36.5 | 39.8 | 41.3 | 39.9 |
| Current | 12.1 | 17.8 | 11.6 | 17.3 | 28.3 | 14.3 | 7.6 | 13.9 | 6.0 |
| Family history of hypertension (%) | 51.8 | 51.7 | 52.4 | 45.3 | 44.1 | 45.9 | 28.6 | 27.1 | 20.9 |
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | |||||||||
| Never | — | — | — | 17.7 | 19.6 | 17.9 | — | — | — |
| Past | — | — | — | 16.8 | 15.4 | 16.8 | — | — | — |
| Current | — | — | — | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.8 | — | — | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 4.33 | 24.7 | 24.4 | 24.8 ± 5.0 | 25.1 | 24.7 | 25.2 ± 3.0 | 25.5 | 25.2 |
| Physical activity (METs/wk) | 21.0 ± 22.3 | 17.1 | 21.0 | 16.2 ± 27.3 | 13.6 | 15.7 | 39.2 ± 42.2 | 34.6 | 39.0 |
| Caffeine intake (mg/d)4 | 237 (61–370) | 245 | 268 | 279 (82–391) | 314 | 280 | 227 (44–318) | 269 | 234 |
| Total flavonoids (mg/d)4 | 413 (160–460) | 103 | 1122 | 358 (145–409) | 93 | 944 | 376 (176–429) | 115 | 933 |
| Flavonols (mg/d)4 | 18.4 (9.9–23) | 9.0 | 36.2 | 17.9 (9.7–22.4) | 9.4 | 34.1 | 18.9 (11.2–23.0) | 10.7 | 33.6 |
| Flavones (mg/d)4 | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 (0.9–2.3) | 1.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 (1.1–2.9) | 1.2 | 2.6 |
| Flavonones (mg/d)4 | 33.4 (11.0–44.7) | 16.1 | 38.7 | 37.3 (12.1–53.0) | 18.7 | 43.3 | 52.2 (18.9–72.1) | 24.5 | 65.0 |
| Flavan-3-ols (mg/d)4 | 61.7 (13.7–72.0) | 9.5 | 196 | 55.0 (12.0–64.3) | 8.6 | 175.9 | 50.1 (15.0–56.6) | 11.8 | 150 |
| Anthocyanins (mg/d)4 | 14.0 (5.4–17.8) | 6.7 | 18.0 | 12.5 (4.6–15.9) | 5.7 | 16.2 | 15.2 (5.8–19.3) | 6.8 | 21.9 |
| Polymers (mg/d)4 | 283 (92–310) | 60 | 831 | 233 (66–147) | 49 | 673 | 238 (99–292) | 60 | 660 |
| Sodium (mg/d)4 | 2153 (1921–2373) | 2211 | 2159 | 1840 (1627–2028) | 1895 | 1838 | 2092 (1838–2316) | 2180 | 2052 |
| Magnesium (mg/d)4 | 316 (266–354) | 292 | 323 | 302 (252–338) | 281 | 307 | 376 (318–420) | 350 | 389 |
| Potassium (mg/d)4 | 2934 (2578–3262) | 2667 | 3087 | 2853 (2515–3159) | 2610 | 2966 | 3350 (2939–3710) | 3026 | 3558 |
| Fiber (g/d)4 | 18.1 (12.8–22.0) | 16.0 | 17.1 | 19.3 (13.9–23.2) | 16.7 | 18.6 | 21.4 (15.2–25.8) | 17.9 | 21.4 |
| Whole grains (g/d)4 | 20.1 (8.6–27.4) | 18.0 | 17.8 | 20.8 (7.9–29.4) | 17.8 | 19.4 | 26.2 (11.2–36.4) | 22.5 | 25.0 |
| Folate (μg/d)4 | 480 (279–612) | 414 | 502 | 426 (267–555) | 366 | 457 | 500 (316–637) | 426 | 541 |
1
Q, quintile; METs, metabolic equivalent tasks.
2
Values are means; ranges in parentheses.
3
Mean ± SD (all such values).
4
Values are means; interquartile ranges in parentheses.