TABLE 4.

Individual dietary flavonoids from the flavonol, flavone, flavan-3-ol, and anthocyanin subclasses (with specific structural similarities) and risk of incident hypertension in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I, the NHS II, and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS)¹

	Cumulative intakes: Q5 vs Q1			All participants pooled	Participants ≤60 y of age pooled	P for age interaction
	NHS I	NHS II	HPFS
Flavonols
Quercetin	0.93 (0.89, 0.99)	0.96 (0.90,1.01)	1.07 (0.97,1.18)	0.97 (0.91,1.04)	0.95 (0.91,1.00)	0.48
Kaempferol	0.99 (0.94, 1.04)	1.09 (1.03,1.16)	1.03 (0.94,1.13)	1.04 (0.97,1.10)	1.00 (0.88,1.13)	0.45
Myricetin	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	1.05 (0.99,1.12)	1.12 (1.02,1.24)	1.04 (0.98,1.11)	1.00 (0.91,1.11)	0.27
Isorhamnetin	0.96 (0.92, 1.01)	1.01 (0.95,1.07)	1.06 (1.00,1.13)	1.01 (0.95,1.07)	0.98 (0.91,1.05)	0.25
Flavones
Apigenin	0.94 (0.90, 1.00)	0.96 (0.89,1.02)	0.95 (0.86,1.04)	0.95 (0.91,0.99)***	0.94 (0.87,1.01)	0.67
Luteolin	0.99 (0.93, 1.04)	0.94 (0.88,1.00)	1.05 (0.95,1.16)	0.98 (0.93,1.04)	0.99 (0.91,1.06)	0.74
Flavan-3-ols
Catechin	0.94 (0.90, 0.99)	0.95 (0.89,1.01)	1.03 (0.93,1.12)	0.96 (0.92,1.01)	0.93 (0.88,0.97)**	0.08
Gallocatechins	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	1.09 (1.02,1.15)	1.05 (0.95,1.15)	1.04 (0.96,1.12)	1.00 (0.89,1.13)	0.58
Epicatechin	0.96 (0.91, 1.01)	0.95 (0.89,1.01)	1.06 (0.97,1.16)	0.98 (0.93,1.04)	0.95 (0.91,1.00)*	0.27
Eigallocatechin	0.99 (0.94, 1.04)	1.06 (1.00,1.13)	1.05 (0.96,1.15)	1.03 (0.98,1.08)	1.01 (0.93,1.10)	0.56
Epicatechin 3 gallate	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	1.07 (1.01,1.14)	1.09 (0.99,1.19)	1.04 (0.97,1.04)	1.01 (0.90,1.13)	0.65
Epigallocatechin 3 gallate	0.99 (0.94, 1.04)	1.08 (1.01, 1.14)	1.04 (0.95,1.14)	1.03 (0.98,1.04)	1.01 (0.90,1.13)	0.86
Anthocyanins
Cyanidin	0.93 (0.88, 0.98)	0.84 (0.79, 0.90)	0.96 (0.87,1.06)	0.91 (0.84,0.98)*	0.88 (0.82,0.94)***	0.04*
Delphinidin	0.98 (0.93, 1.04)	0.86 (0.81, 0.92)	1.04 (0.95,1.15)	0.95 (0.86,1.06)	0.94 (0.84,1.05)	0.33
Malvidin	0.97 (0.92, 0.98)	0.88 (0.82, 0.93)	0.95 (0.87,1.05)	0.95 (0.90,1.00)*	0.89 (0.85, 0.94)***	0.004**
Pelargonidin	0.92 (0.88, 0.97)	0.96 (0.90, 1.02)	1.00 (0.92,1.10)	0.95 (0.91,0.99)*	0.95 (0.91,1.00)*	0.93
Peonidin	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	0.88 (0.83, 0.93)	0.97 (0.89,1.07)	0.94 (0.87,1.00)	0.89 (0.85,0.93)***	0.001***
Petunidin	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	0.87 (0.81, 0.92)	0.96 (0.87,1.05)	0.94 (0.86,1.01)	0.89 (0.85,0.93)***	0.001***

¹All values are relative risks; 95% CIs in parentheses. Q, quintile. The multivariate model included age and smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol consumption, family history of hypertension, aspirin use, multivitamin use, and intakes of sodium, magnesium, potassium, fiber, whole grain, folate, and caffeine. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05.