TABLE 4.
Plasma phenylalanine, leucine, and glucose concentrations and phenylalanine and glucose tracer-to-tracee ratios (TTR) during basal, postabsorptive conditions and during the hyperinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic clamp before and after omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (n = 8)1
| Concentration2 |
Enrichment (TTR) |
|||||||||
| Phenylalanine |
Leucine |
Glucose |
Phenylalanine |
Glucose |
||||||
| Time | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After |
| μmol/L | μmol/L | mmol/L | ||||||||
| Basal conditions | ||||||||||
| 60 min | 58 ± 10 | 61 ± 14 | 112 ± 11 | 117 ± 7 | 5.03 ± 0. 10 | 5.29 ± 0.07 | 0.0853 ± 0.0040 | 0.0914 ± 0.0093 | — | — |
| 90 min | 63 ± 9 | 57 ± 9 | 119 ± 8 | 111 ± 6 | — | — | 0.0854 ± 0.0078 | 0.0968 ± 0.0073 | — | — |
| 120 min | 56 ± 9 | 58 ± 10 | 107 ± 8 | 109 ± 7 | 5.06 ± 0.10 | 5.31 ± 0.08 | 0.0950 ± 0.0065 | 0.0987 ± 0.0071 | — | — |
| 150 min | 58 ± 9 | 57 ± 12 | 112 ± 10 | 103 ± 9 | — | — | 0.0962 ± 0.0057 | 0.0991 ± 0.0084 | — | — |
| 180 min | 54 ± 9 | 49 ± 5 | 104 ± 8 | 107 ± 6 | 5.06 ± 0.09 | 5.41 ± 0.10 | 0.0999 ± 0.0050 | 0.1086 ± 0.0062 | — | — |
| 210 min | 59 ± 8 | 52 ± 8 | 116 ± 8 | 106 ± 5 | 4.99 ± 0.10 | 5.30 ± 0.11 | 0.1014 ± 0.0047 | 0.1023 ± 0.0062 | 0.0220 ± 0.0008 | 0.0218 ± 0.0009 |
| 220 min | — | — | — | — | 4.99 ± 0.09 | 5.31 ± 0.10 | — | — | 0.0024 ± 0.0009 | 0.0218 ± 0.0009 |
| 230 min | — | — | — | — | 4.97 ± 0.09 | 5.28 ± 0.09 | — | — | 0.0225 ± 0.0009 | 0.0217 ± 0.0009 |
| 240 min | 55 ± 7 | 50 ± 7 | 110 ± 9 | 98 ± 7 | 4.97 ± 0.10 | 5.29 ± 0.11 | 0.1038 ± 0.0069 | 0.1044 ± 0.0055 | 0.0225 ± 0.0009 | 0.0217 ± 0.0009 |
| Mean ± SEM | 57 ± 8 | 56 ± 10 | 111 ± 7 | 108 ± 5 | 5.01 ± 0.09 | 5.31 ± 0.093 | 0.0955 ± 0.0052 | 0.0994 ± 0.0069 | 0.0223 ± 0.0090 | 0.0217 ± 0.0090 |
| Hyperinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic clamp | ||||||||||
| 270 min | 89 ± 9 | 91 ± 12 | 185 ± 10 | 183 ± 13 | 5.09 ± 0.18 | 5.37 ± 0.14 | 0.1015 ± 0.0030 | 0.0988 ± 0.0043 | ||
| 300 min | 91 ± 9 | 95 ± 11 | 165 ± 9 | 172 ± 14 | 5.30 ± 0.17 | 5.46 ± 0.11 | 0.0939 ± 0.0024 | 0.0937 ± 0.0031 | ||
| 330 min | 98 ± 13 | 99 ± 13 | 159 ± 12 | 158 ± 12 | 5.55 ± 0.06 | 5.48 ± 0.04 | 0.0917 ± 0.0032 | 0.0910 ± 0.0049 | ||
| 360 min | 113 ± 14 | 109 ± 20 | 178 ± 18 | 160 ± 19 | 5.62 ± 0.09 | 5.39 ± 0.10 | 0.0914 ± 0.0036 | 0.0881 ± 0.0041 | ||
| 390 min | 116 ± 16 | 108 ± 16 | 171 ± 10 | 146 ± 6 | 5.41 ± 0.07 | 5.39 ± 0.06 | 0.0866 ± 0.0076 | 0.0865 ± 0.0074 | 0.0260 ± 0.0005 | 0.0259 ± 0.0007 |
| 400 min | — | — | — | — | 5.46 ± 0.04 | 5.47 ± 0.07 | — | — | 0.0260 ± 0.0005 | 0.0264 ± 0.0007 |
| 410 min | — | — | — | — | 5.49 ± 0.06 | 5.48 ± 0.05 | — | — | 0.0264 ± 0.0005 | 0.0268 ± 0.0008 |
| 420 min | 103 ± 15 | 101 ± 11 | 152 ± 13 | 150 ± 10 | 5.43 ± 0.04 | 5.41 ± 0.06 | 0.0894 ± 0.0052 | 0.0905 ± 0.0040 | 0.0264 ± 0.0005 | 0.0266 ± 0.0007 |
| Mean ± SEM | 102 ± 124 | 101 ± 134 | 168 ± 94 | 161 ± 104 | 5.42 ± 0.054 | 5.41 ± 0.044 | 0.0924 ± 0.0037 | 0.0914 ± 0.0039 | 0.0262 ± 0.00504 | 0.0264 ± 0.00704 |
All values are means ± SEMs. ANOVA on the “before” values from Tables 3 and 4 with group (corn oil compared with omega-3 fatty acid) and study stage (basal compared with clamp) as the factors showed no significant between-group differences (all P ≥ 0.10) or group × study stage interactions (all P ≥ 0.36).
With the exception of the change in basal plasma glucose concentration in the omega-3 fatty acid group (P < 0.05 compared with the before-after change in basal plasma glucose concentration in the corn oil group), there were no significant differences in the before-after changes between the corn oil and the omega-3 fatty acid groups.
Significantly different from corresponding “before” value, P < 0.05 [ANOVA on values from the omega-3 fatty acid group presented here with study stage (basal compared with clamp) and time (before compared with after intervention) as factors and Tukey's post hoc analysis].
Significantly different from corresponding basal value, P < 0.001 [ANOVA on values from the omega-3 fatty acid group presented here with study stage (basal compared with clamp) and time (before compared with after intervention) as factors].