TABLE 2.
Association of dietary carotenoids, vitamin A, and vitamin C with LUTS in 1466 men (BACH Survey, 2002–2005)1
| Quartile of dietary intake2 |
Continuous AUASI score P-trend | ||||||
| Nutrient | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P-trend | ||
| OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| β-Carotene, μg/d | 775 | 1474 | 2454 | 4780 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.64* (0.42, 0.99) | 0.62* (0.41, 0.95) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.14) | 0.31 | 0.06 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.46, 1.22) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.63) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) | 0.19 | 0.06 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.64** (0.44, 0.92) | 0.53*** (0.37, 0.77) | 0.56** (0.39, 0.82) | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| Lycopene, μg/d | 285 | 677 | 1199 | 2248 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.47, 1.08) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.02) | 0.61* (0.39, 0.95) | 0.04 | 0.22 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.29) | 0.93 (0.57, 1.52) | 0.93 (0.57, 1.51) | 0.83 | 0.72 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.48, 1.01) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.05) | 0.63* (0.43, 0.94) | 0.06 | 0.32 | |
| α-Carotene, μg/d | 50 | 131 | 239 | 458 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.50, 1.12) | 0.79 (0.53, 1.20) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.37 | 0.15 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.63, 1.62) | 0.87 (0.53, 1.42) | 0.91 (0.55, 1.51) | 0.78 | 0.82 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.57, 1.15) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.17) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.19) | 0.19 | 0.12 | |
| Lutein, μg/d | 386 | 874 | 1527 | 3897 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.55, 1.32) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.48) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.29) | 0.90 | 0.77 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.66) | 1.13 (0.69, 1.84) | 1.23 (0.75, 2.04) | 0.84 | 0.81 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.40) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) | 0.59 | 0.75 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin, μg/d | 30.0 | 81.2 | 145 | 263 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.52, 1.17) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.46) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.33) | 0.23 | 0.09 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.25) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.21) | 0.46 | 0.09 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.50, 1.02) | 1.08 (0.75, 1.55) | 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) | 0.99 | 0.28 | |
| Total carotenoids, μg/d | 921 | 1657 | 2616 | 4670 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.47, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) | 0.72 (0.47, 1.10) | 0.24 | 0.01 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.53, 1.36) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.54) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.20) | 0.15 | 0.03 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.66* (0.46, 0.95) | 0.67* (0.47, 0.95) | 0.62** (0.43, 0.89) | 0.02 | 0.07 | |
| Vitamin A,3IU/d | 3023 | 4714 | 6660 | 10,926 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.42) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.23) | 0.84 (0.55, 1.29) | 0.26 | 0.01 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.69, 1.79) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.56) | 0.96 (0.57, 1.62) | 0.23 | 0.04 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.64* (0.45, 0.92) | 0.63** (0.44, 0.90) | 0.53*** (0.36, 0.77) | 0.008 | 0.04 | |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 44.6 | 78.0 | 126.3 | 219.3 | |||
| Total LUTS | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.55, 1.25) | 0.61* (0.40, 0.92) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.08) | 0.98 | 0.04 | |
| Voiding symptoms | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.54, 1.37) | 0.60* (0.36, 0.99) | 0.82 (0.52, 1.30) | 0.34 | 0.06 | |
| Storage symptoms | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.63, 1.30) | 0.85 (0.59, 1.21) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.24) | 0.48 | 0.40 | |
Values are OR (95% CI) for LUTS vs. no/low LUTS. Asterisks denote significant OR: * ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≥ 0.001.
Values are the median intakes of the nutrients by men in a given quartile of intake. All multivariate models were controlled for age (5-y age groups), race/ethnicity, waist circumference (quintiles), cigarette smoking (pack-year categories), total energy intake (quintiles), depression symptoms, cardiac disease, diabetes, use of α-blockers or 5-α-reductase inhibitors, and supplemental intake of the relevant nutrient (β-carotene, vitamin A, or vitamin C). Models for voiding symptoms additionally controlled for protein intake and multiple sclerosis. Models for storage symptoms were additionally controlled for total fluid intake (quintiles), PUFA intake, sodium intake, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, physical activity (low, medium, or high), and use of antispasmodic or anticholinergic medication. Tests for trends with the continuous AUASI score were conducted using generalized linear multivariate models.
To obtain an approximation of micrograms retinol equivalents from IU, multiply by 0.17.