TABLE 2.
Associations between food sources of folate, other B-vitamins, methyl group donors, and risk of BE and esophageal cancers in SDH and ACS participants
| SDH |
ACS |
|||||||||
| Controls, n | BE no dysplasia |
BE with dysplasia |
Controls, n | EAC |
ESCC |
|||||
| Nutrients1 | n | OR (95% CI)2 | n | OR (95% CI)2 | n | OR (95% CI)2 | n | OR (95% CI)2 | ||
| Food folate, μg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [196 (42–230)] | 160 | 70 | 1.0 (ref) | 35 | 1.0 (ref) | 372 | 191 | 1.0 (ref) | 76 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [255 (230–282)] | 146 | 69 | 1.22 (0.75–1.98) | 27 | 0.81 (0.38–1.71) | 369 | 182 | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 63 | 1.11 (0.73–1.67) |
| Q3 [306 (282–336)] | 124 | 61 | 1.62 (0.97–2.72) | 18 | 0.75 (0.32–1.75) | 375 | 123 | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | 30 | 0.45 (0.27–0.73) |
| Q4 [379 (336–673)] | 139 | 58 | 1.17 (0.70–1.96) | 18 | 0.76 (0.33–1.76) | 374 | 117 | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) | 56 | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) |
| P-trend | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Thiamin, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [1.3 (0.4–1.5)] | 141 | 66 | 1.0 (ref) | 31 | 1.0 (ref) | 372 | 165 | 1.0 (ref) | 67 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [1.6 (1.5–1.8)] | 152 | 71 | 1.13 (0.69–1.83) | 31 | 1.30 (0.62–2.72) | 374 | 152 | 1.03 (0.77–1.39) | 60 | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) |
| Q3 [1.9 (1.8–2.1)] | 159 | 79 | 1.36 (0.84–2.22) | 22 | 0.95 (0.42–2.14) | 372 | 149 | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) | 41 | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) |
| Q4 [2.4 (2.1–5.8)] | 117 | 42 | 1.12 (0.63–1.96) | 15 | 1.49 (0.61–3.64) | 372 | 147 | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 57 | 0.41 (0.25–0.67) |
| P-trend | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Riboflavin, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [1.6 (0.5–1.8)] | 124 | 56 | 1.0 (ref) | 28 | 1.0 (ref) | 372 | 150 | 1.0 (ref) | 71 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [2.0 (1.8–2.2)] | 133 | 67 | 1.21 (0.73–2.02) | 30 | 0.84 (0.38–1.82) | 372 | 156 | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 55 | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) |
| Q3 [2.5 (2.2–2.7)] | 160 | 65 | 1.11 (0.67–1.84) | 23 | 0.83 (0.38–1.83) | 376 | 161 | 1.21 (0.90–1.63) | 49 | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) |
| Q4 [3.1 (2.7–7.1)] | 152 | 70 | 0.92 (0.55–1.53) | 18 | 0.62 (0.27–1.42) | 372 | 146 | 1.32 (0.98–1.80) | 50 | 0.78 (0.50–1.21) |
| P-trend | 0.60 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.27 | ||||||
| Niacin, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [19 (4.3–21)] | 120 | 57 | 1.0 (ref) | 28 | 1.0 (ref) | 372 | 178 | 1.0 (ref) | 57 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [23 (21–24)] | 157 | 66 | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 29 | 1.29 (0.59–2.80) | 374 | 159 | 1.06 (0.79–1.41) | 67 | 1.21 (0.79–1.87) |
| Q3 [26 (24–28)] | 133 | 75 | 1.19 (0.72–1.97) | 21 | 0.81 (0.35–1.87) | 372 | 133 | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 52 | 1.35 (0.88–2.06) |
| Q4 [30 (28–50)] | 159 | 60 | 1.03 (0.61–1.73) | 21 | 0.97 (0.42–2.22) | 372 | 143 | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | 49 | 0.69 (0.43–1.12) |
| P-trend | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.23 | ||||||
| Vitamin B-6, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [0.93 (0.3–1.1)] | 151 | 78 | 1.0 (ref) | 34 | 1.0 (ref) | 373 | 197 | 1.0 (ref) | 57 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [1.2 (1.1–1.3)] | 148 | 63 | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 23 | 0.59 (0.27–1.28) | 371 | 153 | 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 69 | 1.04 (0.67–1.61) |
| Q3 [1.4 (1.3–1.5)] | 144 | 59 | 0.97 (0.60–1.59) | 26 | 0.93 (0.43–2.05) | 375 | 117 | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 47 | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) |
| Q4 [1.7 (1.5–3.0)] | 126 | 58 | 1.11 (0.67–1.83) | 16 | 0.65 (0.27–1.55) | 371 | 146 | 0.53 (0.39–0.74) | 52 | 0.66 (0.42–1.05) |
| P-trend | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.002 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Vitamin B-12, μg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [0.8 (0.0–1.1)] | 136 | 63 | 1.0 (ref) | 25 | 1.0 (ref) | 370 | 149 | 1.0 (ref) | 63 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [1.3 (1.1–1.5)] | 138 | 61 | 1.19 (0.72–1.98) | 18 | 0.67 (0.28–1.59) | 372 | 151 | 0.81 (0.59–1.09) | 50 | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) |
| Q3 [1.8 (1.5–2.1)] | 142 | 54 | 0.85 (0.50–1.42) | 26 | 1.08 (0.48–2.47) | 375 | 158 | 0.87 (0.64–1.17) | 47 | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) |
| Q4 [2.5 (2.1, 7.8)] | 153 | 80 | 1.41 (0.86–2.32) | 30 | 1.66 (0.75–3.70) | 373 | 155 | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 65 | 0.89 (0.58–1.32) |
| P-trend | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.96 | 0.74 | ||||||
| Methionine, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [938 (256–1069)] | 113 | 53 | 1.0 (ref) | 30 | 1.0 (ref) | 370 | 144 | 1.0 (ref) | 65 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [1174 (1069–1259)] | 135 | 61 | 1.10 (0.65–1.87) | 17 | 0.53 (0.22–1.27) | 374 | 146 | 1.15 (0.85–1.56) | 51 | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) |
| Q3 [1361 (1259–1482)] | 151 | 64 | 0.93 (0.55–1.56) | 24 | 0.73 (0.33–1.62) | 371 | 168 | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) | 58 | 1.02 (0.71–1.67) |
| Q4 [1667 (1482–3068)] | 170 | 80 | 0.91 (0.55–1.52) | 28 | 0.87 (0.39–1.93) | 375 | 155 | 1.39 (1.02–1.89) | 51 | 0.84 (0.51–1.32) |
| P-trend | 0.57 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.74 | ||||||
| Betaine, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [85 (36–100)] | 218 | 119 | 1.0 (ref) | 53 | 1.0 (ref) | 373 | 175 | 1.0 (ref) | 49 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [112 (100–124)] | 151 | 68 | 0.66 (0.42–1.02) | 22 | 0.54 (0.28–1.03) | 370 | 146 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 49 | 0.95 (0.60–1.52) |
| Q3 [138 (124–154)] | 104 | 48 | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | 14 | 0.54 (0.26–1.12) | 372 | 142 | 0.75 (0.56–1.03) | 42 | 0.72 (0.44–1.18) |
| Q4 [185 (154, 725)] | 96 | 23 | 0.40 (0.22–0.74) | 10 | 0.41 (0.18–0.96) | 375 | 150 | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 85 | 1.30 (0.83–1.99) |
| P-trend | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Choline, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Q1 [380 (124–435)] | 122 | 54 | 1.0 (ref) | 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 373 | 107 | 1.0 (ref) | 37 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 [510 (435–618)] | 150 | 63 | 0.62 (0.37–1.06) | 21 | 0.54 (0.23–1.25) | 370 | 165 | 1.34 (0.97–1.85) | 63 | 1.67 (1.03–2.69) |
| Q3 [754 (618–1003)] | 150 | 68 | 0.78 (0.46–1.32) | 22 | 0.72 (0.31–1.70) | 370 | 169 | 1.25 (0.91–1.73) | 61 | 1.48 (0.91–2.40) |
| Q4 (1171 (1003–2984)] | 147 | 73 | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 30 | 0.59 (0.26–1.34) | 373 | 172 | 1.25 (0.91–1.72) | 64 | 1.39 (0.88–2.30) |
| P-trend | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.48 | |||||||
1
Values are [medians (range)]. Nutrients were categorized into quartiles based on intake in controls and corrected for energy intake using the residual method described by Willett and Stampfer (52).
2
Multivariable adjustment for age, gender, education, BMI 1 y previously, frequency of heartburn or acid reflux 10 y prior to diagnosis, lifetime alcohol intake, pack-years of smoking, NSAID use, and total energy intake.